RULE 7.

If two adjectives or participles agree with the same substantive, they must not be construed one before and the other after that substantive; but either both before, by Rule 4. or both after, by Rule 5..

RULE 8.

Let the relative and its clause be construed as soon as possible after the antecedent.

RULE 9.

Certain adverbs and conjunctions are construed before the nominative case and verb; i. e. they are construed first in their own clause or sentence: so is the relative qui; and so are quis the interogative, quantus, quicunque, and such like words, (with their accompaniments) in what

ever case.

RULE 10.

When a question is asked, construe the nom. case (unless it be the interrogative quis, quotus, quantus, uter, &c.) after the verb, or else between the English verb and its auxiliary, expressing the auxiliary first.

RULE 11.

After the verb sum, a verb passive, and a verb neuter, a nom. case is sometimes construed; but then there is usually another nom. case, expressed or implied, to come before.

RULE 12.

An adverb is not to be construed with a substantive, but rather with a verb, or an adjective, or participle.

RULE 13.

After a preposition constantly look for an accusative, or ablative case.

RULE 14.

The word governed must be construed after (generally immediately after) that word, which governs it; except such words as Rule 9. specifies; and even they must be construed after prepositions.

RULE 15.

When in a sentence there is no finite verb, but only an infinitive, with a nom. case, expressed or understood, construe such an infinitive like an indicative, or some other finite mood, the nom. being construed in its proper place.

RULE 16.

When there occurs an accusative case and an inf. mood, quod or ut, being left out, construe the acc. first with the word that before it, because it is there virtually a nominative, and should therefore, with its adjuncts, be construed like a nom. before the verb.

RULE 17.

Words in apposition must be

one another as possible.

RULE 18.

construed as near to

All correspondent words must be construed as near to one another as possible.

RULE 19.

Generally construe every word in any clause you have . entered on after the nom. case, before you proceed to another clause; beginning each clause, as you pass from one to another, with the nom. case and verb, if there be such in it, and finishing it according to Rule 1.

RULE 20.

An oblique case, unless it be an adjunct to the nom. should be construed after the verb; and when more oblique cases than one depend on the same word, construe accusatives before datives, datives before ablatives, and genitives, immediately after the words, which govern

them.

RULE 21.

When sum is put for habea, the English nominative is expressed in Latin by a dative, and the accusative by a nominative. In this case construe the dative first like a nominative, then the verb, as if declined from habeo, and then the nominative after the verb, like an accusative.

RULE 22.

By a very common ellipsis, the verb sum may be under-* stood in any mood or tense: when it is so, it must be supplied in construing, as the sense requires..

RULE 23.

By a most elegant ellipsis, any finite verb may be understood, and inferred by reflection from another verb of the like import, actually expressed within the period.

RULE 24.

Adjectives are often elegantly used as adverbs; and are then joined with verbs in the construction, and rendered adverbially.

THE

GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION

EXEMPLIFIED.

CHAP. I.
INTRODUCTION.

RULE 1.

CONSTRUE the nom. case first (with the words

thereto belonging, if any) then the verb.

Construe the Nom. Case first.

The Nom. is in Italics.

The verb in the active voice, Pres. Ind.

Miles pugnat. Nos amamus.

In perfect Ind. did.

Spirant venti.

Tu dormiebas. Ego legebam. Rudebat asinus. Ba

Fut. Ind. shall or will.

Clamabit infans. Titubabunt equi. Micabunt Vendent mercatores. Ludent ignavi.

Nos audiemus.

enses.

Cadent superbi,

Vos dicetis. Regent imperatores. Gar

rient percontatores. Illi monebunt.

Imp. Mood, let before the nom. case; as Magister, let the master.

Laudato magister. Gaudento juvenes. Attendunto discipuli. Discunto pueruli. Silento juniores.

niores.

Adoranto omnes.

Præcedunto se

The verb in the passive voice, and in the different moods and tenses. is. were. has been. had been. shall be, &c. &c. as in the grammar.

Fatigatur equus. Legebantur auctores. Provectus est humilis. Victi erant hostes. Christus adorabitur. Impii punientur.

Fures suspenduntor. Superbus contemnatur.

Pueri instituti erunt.

Inhonesta amoveantur. Rex honoraretur. Leges observatæ sint. Libri perlecti essent. Vitia suppressa fuerint.

CHAP. II.

CONSTRUE the nom. case first, with the words thereto belonging, if any; then the verb.

The Nom. and its adjuncts are in Italics

Note-Words of various denominations may be adjuncts to the nom, and must be construed before the verb. Thus adjuncts to the nom. may be,

1. One or more adjectives agreeing with it, by the secend concord; as,

1. A single Adjective to be rendered before the substantive by R. 4.

Boni pueri amantur. Mali pueri punientur. Vera virtus nobilitat. Lupus atrox interficiebatur. Præceptores nostri veniunt. Rosa pulchra cadet. Mare tumidum furit. Navigia vestra redibunt.

2. Two or more adjectives with a conjunction, all to be rendered before the substantive, by R. 4.

Leges justa et inviolate prosunt. Fugit Lynx velox et maculosa. Libri utiles et ingeniosi legentur. Quercus äeria, patula, et glandifera natat. Sævit in imicus, impius et atrox. Adjuvat vita innocens et inculpata. Nocet contentio præceps et petulans et insana. Bellum sævit armisonans, anceps et lethale.

II. Adjuncts to the nom. may be other substantives in the same case, by apposition, or by conjunction.

1. By Apposition.

Princeps Eugenius vicit. Cyrus, Rex Persicus expugnavit. Pecunia, irritamentum lethale, corrumpit. Invidia, triste tormentum, angit. Cicero, vir bonus et præstantissimus orator, exulabat. Claret Virgilius, delicia mea, vir summus et poeta fere divinus.

2. By Conjunction.

Con

Gavisi sunt vir et uxor. Meus pater et mater adorabant. Julius Casar, Pompeius et Crassus consentiebant. sentiebant Casar Octavianus, Antonius et Lepidus. Javant panis et potus. Ventus et vinum, fallacia et ebrietas, vis ira

et insidia nocent.

iræ

III. Adjuncts to the nom. may be a genitive, or any other oblique case, connected with that nominative.

1. Genitive.

Laudetur Fallit amici

Prodest timor Dei. Spes præmii solatur. Præteriti perieuli reminiscentia oblectat. Divitiarum, gloriæ et voluptatis amor vitiat. Hujus mundi cura contaminant. nomen Domini. Patris mei domus ædificatur. tia malorum. Agrorum viridantium color delectat. castellorum copie transducuntur.

Omnium