absolutely, but among those 'qui generantur ipso,' and only these are mentioned.

21. Proeliis audax] Horace confounds the Latin divinity Liber with the Greek Dionysus or Bacchus, whose Indian wars and contests with the giants (ii. 19. 21) are here alluded to.

26. Hunc equis,-] S. ii. 1. 26. 29. Defluit saxis agitatus humor,] the rocks flow back to their bed.

The waters that in their fury covered See C. i. 3. 2, n.

33. Romulum post hos, etc.] The order is, 'dubito utrum prius post hos memorem Romulum, an quietum Pompili regnum,' etc.

34. superbos Tarquini fasces] Tarquinius Priscus is probably referred to, and 'superbos' must in that case be taken in a good sense.

35. Catonis] M. Cato, surnamed Uticensis from the fortress of Utica in Africa, where he died. He put himself to death, rather than fall into the hands of Julius Cæsar, B. C. 46.

37. Scauros] The plural is used for the singular (see S. i. 7. 8, n.), and M. Æmilius Scaurus is meant, who was consul B. c. 115. The story of M. Atilius Regulus, who as consul commanded the Roman army in the first Punic war, and was taken by the Carthaginians, is told in C. iii. 5. L. Æmilius Paullus commanded with Varro, his colleague in the consulship, at the battle of Canne, when the Romans were defeated by Hannibal, and Paullus lost his life by refusing to fly when he might have done so. C. Fabricius Luscinus was consul, and commanded in the war with Pyrrhus, B. C. 278, three years after which M. Curius Dentatus was consul and commander in the same war. Both of these consuls were celebrated for the simplicity of their habits, and for rejecting the bribes of the Samnites, in respect to which a notable saying of Curius is related by Cicero (De Senect. c. 16). The older Romans wore their hair and beards long. These heroes are represented as negligent of their appearance. L. Furius Camillus is he who was said to have forced the Gauls to raise the siege of the Capitol, 43, 44 Saeva paupertas] 'Saevus' does not necessarily bear a bad sense, nor is it so used in C. iii. 16. 16. Apto cum lare' means 'with a suitable house,' - a house of a size proportionate to the small ancestral farm.

B. C. 390.

6

45. occulto-aero] By an imperceptible growth,' as Ovid, Met. x. 519: "Labitur occulte fallitque volatilas aetas." Marcellus was he who took Syracuse in the second Punic war, B. C. 212, and his name stands for all his descendants, and particularly the young Marcellus, who married Julia, the daughter of Augustus, B. c. 25, and died in less than two years after. This allusion makes it probable he was alive when the Ode was written. The star of Julius Caesar, and the lesser lights of that family, are meant by what follows. By 'Julium sidus' is meant Cæsar himself, at whose death a comet is reported to have appeared, which was supposed to be his spirit translated to the skies. (See Ovid, Met. xv. sub fin.)

53. Ille, seu Parthos] See C. 2. 21, n. The Romans had hopes that Augustus would conquer the Parthians, and redeem the disgrace they had suffered from them, and this is written in anticipation of that event. 'Justo triumpho' is a complete triumph. (See Cic. de Am. c. 20; ad Fam. xv. 6, with Long's notes.)

56. Seras et Indos,] See notes on C. iii. 29. 27; iv. 15. 23.

ODE XIII.

THIS Ode expresses a lover's jealousy, being addressed to his mistress, Lydia, who is supposed to be coquetting with a youth named Telephus.

ARGUMENT. Lydia, while thou art praising Telephus's neck, Telephus's arms, oh! my heart is ready to burst. My mind tosses about; my color comes and goes; and the tear stealing down my cheek tells of the slow fire that burns within. It galls me when his rough hands hurt thy shoulders, or his teeth leave their mark on thy lips: think not he will be constant who could hurt that nectared mouth. How happy they whom love binds fast, to the day of their death!

2. cerea Telephi] 'Cerca' means 'white as wax.' The Romans wore their necks and arms bare, the tunic being cut so as to expose the throat and upper part of the chest, and having no sleeves.

4. difficili bile] Jealousy.' The Romans expressed anger by 'splendida' or 'vitrea bilis,' and melancholy by 'atra bilis' (ueλayxodia).

6. manet,] The lengthening of a short syllable in such positions is not uncommon. So C. ii. 13. 16: "Caeca timet aliunde fata."

91;

12. memorem] 'lasting'; which will long tell the tale of his violence. 13. Non,- Speres] This more emphatic negative is used not uncom monly in prohibitive sentences, instead of 'ne,' as non silcas," S. ii. 5. "non ulceret," Ep. i. 18. 72; "non sit qui tollere curet," A. P. 460. 16. Quinta parte sui nectaris imbuit.] Some of the Greek poets had notions about the relative sweetness of nectar and honey which Horace has here imitated, and "quinta parte sui nectaris" probably means honey. 18. irrupta] This word is not found elsewhere.

20. Suprema citius] This construction for 'citius quam suprema' only occurs once again in Horace, in "plus vice simplici" (C. iv. 14. 13).

ODE XIV.

DURING the troubles in Mitylene, his native city, Alcæus wrote an Ode, of which this seems to be a close imitation. It was written most probably during the civil wars, that is, between B. C. 41 and 30 (when Horace returned to Rome). The state is likened to a ship drifting out to sea with its rigging crippled, and in danger of destruction.

ARGUMENT. Thou art drifting again to sea, thou ship; oh! haste, and make for the harbor; oars lost, mast split, yards crippled, and rigging gone, how canst thou weather the storm? Thy sails are torn, thy gods are gone, and, noble hull though thou be, there is no strength in thy beauty. If thou be not fated to destruction, avoid the rocks, thou who wert but late my grief, and art now my anxious care.

6. sine funibus] 'deprived of her rigging.' Some understand it to mean 'without girding ropes,' referring to St. Luke's description of their undergirding the ship in which St. Paul was being conveyed to Rome (Acts xxvii. 16).

"

10. Non di,] Accipit et pictos puppis adunca deos" (Ov. Heroid. xvi. 112). There was usually a niche in the stern of a ship where the image of the tutelary god was kept.

11, 12. Pontica pinus,] The best ship timber came from Pontus. nus' is in apposition with the subject of 'Jactes,' and 'nobilis' 'Silvae.'

Pi

agrees with

15. nisi-Debes ludibrium,] i. c. if thou be not fated to destruction.' 17. Nuper sollicitum] Taking the Ode as an address to the state, we can only understand Horace to mean, that while he was attached to Brutus, or before he had received pardon, he had no other feelings than fear for his own safety and disgust with the state of the country; but now, under Augustus, he watches its fate with the affection and anxiety of a friend. The order is, (Tu) quae nuper eras mihi sollicitum taedium (et quae) Nunc (es) desiderium curaque non levis, Vites aequora Interfusa (inter) nitentes Cycladas.'

19. nitentes] This is like 'fulgentes' (C. iii. 28. 14), shining, as cliffs will do in the sun. The Cyclades abound in white marble.

ODE XV.

THIS is probably an early composition of Horace, made up of materials from the Greek, and written merely to exercise his pen.

ARGUMENT. Paris is carrying off Helen, when Nereus causes a calm, and thus prophesies their fate: "With dark omen art thou carrying home her whom Greece hath sworn to recover. Alas for the sweating horse and rider, and the deaths thou art bringing upon Troy! Pallas prepareth her arms and her fury. Under Venus's shelter, comb thy locks and strike thy lyre, and hide thyself in thy chamber; but it shall not avail thee. Seest thou not Laertes's son, Nestor of Pylos, Teucer of Salamis, and Sthenelus the fighter and bold charioteer? Merion too, and the son of Tydeus, from whom thou shalt flee panting, as the stag fleeth from the wolf,- thou, who didst boast better things to thy fair one? Achilles's wrath may put off the evil day, but the fire of the Greek shall consume the homes of Troy.

2. Helenen] Horace uses the Greek inflections in his odes, and the Latin in his iambic verses, satires, and epistles (Bentley). This might be expect ed, especially when, as in this instance, the imitation of Greek writers is obvious.

5. Nereus] He is made to speak, because the sea-gods were endowed with the gift of prophecy. Mala avi' is like "alite lugubri," C. iii. 3. 61; "mala alite," Epod. x. 1.

7. Conjurata-rumpere] This is a legitimate prose construction. "Conjuravere patriam incendere" (Sal. Cat. 52. 24. See Liv. 22. 38). 'Rumpere governs regnum' as well as 'nuptias,' though for its sense it ought only to belong to nuptias.'

11. aegida] The aegis' was properly the skin of the goat Amalthea, the nurse of Zeus, which he used as a shield or as a breastplate (see C. iii. 4. 57), where it is worn, as here, by Pallas. The word is not confined in use to the original meaning, but is taken for a metal shield or breastplate worn by Zeus, Pallas, or Apollo. It had a Gorgon's head upon it.

13. Veneris praesidio] See Hom. II. iii. 44, and on v. 16 see Il. iii. 380; vi. 321. Horace's description of Paris is drawn, not from Homer, who makes him brave, but from later writers who altered the Homeric characters. See Heyne, Exc. i. Aen. ii. See also Aen. iv. 215, sqq.

14. Pectes caesariem] See C. iv. 9. 13.

15. divides;] Dividere carmina' is perhaps to sing and play alternately.

17. Cnosi] Cnossus or Cnosus or Gnosus was the principal city of Crete. See C. iv. 9. 17, n.

19. Ajacem;] (Il. ii. 527).

The son of Oileus. Homer calls him 'Oïños taxùs Alas

24. Teucer et] In this verse and in v. 36 Horace has introduced a trochee in the first foot, contrary to his own custom, but in accordance with the practice of the Greeks. 'Sciens pugnae' is Homer's Toλéμov ev eidws, and Tydides melior patre' is taken from Sthenelus's vaunt, Il. iv. 405 : ἡμεῖς τοι πατέρων μέγ' αμείνονες εὐχέμεθ ̓ εἶναι.

31. Sublimi-anhelitu] Panting heavily,' as the fleeing stag, with its

head raised in the air.

32. tuae.] C. i. 25. 7.

33. diem Fordiem supremam.' In this form the expression is like the Hebrew, which we meet with frequently in the Scriptures: "Remember the children of Edom in the day of Jerusalem" (Ps. cxxxvii. 7), and "they that come after him shall be astonished at his day, as they that went before were affrighted" (Job xviii. 20). The word which expresses the wrath of Achilles is applied to his fleet.

ODE XVI.

HORACE appears to have written some severe verses against some woman or other, and this seems to be written in mock penitence for that offence. He represents the evils of anger, and begs her to destroy his verses and forgive him.

ARGUMENT.Lovely daughter of a lovely mother, destroy those abusive verses how thou wilt. Cybele, Apollo, Liber, agitate not their votaries' hearts as anger does, which is stopped neither by sword, nor by waves, nor by fire, nor by the falling of the skies themselves. When Prometheus was bidden to take a part from every animal to give to man, he implanted in our hearts the lion's fury. Wrath laid Thyestes low, and hath brought proud cities to the dust. Be appeased. In the sweet season of youth I was tempted by hot blood to write those rash verses. I would now lay aside all unkindness, if thou wilt but let me recall my libel, and give me back thy heart.

2. criminosis] abusive.'

5. Dindymene, Cybele, the mother of the gods, so called from Mount Dindymus, in Galatia, where she had a temple. Her priests were called Galli (from this locality) and Corybantes. Her rites were celebrated by these priests in a very mad fashion, as were those of Bacchus.

9. Noricus] The best steel for sword-blades came from Noricum, on the

Danube.

13. Fertur Prometheus,] This story is not found elsewhere. Principi limo,''the prime clay,' corresponds to πрŵτоv äрɣov âŋλóν in Soph. Frag, (432 Dind.), καὶ πρῶτον ἄρχον πηλὸν ὀργάζειν χεροῖν. It means the clay before the soul was put into it.

18. ultimae Stetere causae] Liv. vii. c. 1: "Ea ultima fuit causa cur bellum Tiburti populo indiceretur." The final or proximate cause: that which immediately leads to a thing. See Virg. Aen. vii. 553: "Stant causac belli."

24. celeres] A. P. 251: "iambus pes citus." The quality of the measure is mentioned as some palliation, perhaps, of the severity of the verses.

ODE XVII.

THIS professes to be an invitation to a woman named Tyndaris to visit Horace at his farm. He promises her peace and plenty, and security from the jealousy of her husband or lover, Cyrus.

ARGUMENT.-Tyndaris, often doth Pan leave Lycæus to visit Lucretilis, protecting my flocks from sun and wind; my goats go unharmed, and fear not snake or wolf, when his sweet pipe sounds in the vale of Ustica. The gods love me for my piety and my muse. Here Plenty awaits thee; here shalt thou retire from the heat, and sing of the loves of Penelope and Circe for Ulysses. Here shalt thou quaff mild Lesbian wine in the shade, nor shall strife be mingled with the cup, nor shalt thou fear lest the jealous Cyrus lay his violent hand upon thee.

1. Lucretilem] Mons Lucretilis' is identified with the lofty mountain (or range) called Monte Gennaro, that overhangs the valley of the Licenza,Horace's Digentia (Epp. i. 18. 104), in which his estate lay. Ustica was probably the name of a spot on the slope of the hills, and 'cubantis' in that case means sloping.'

2. Mutat Lycaeo Faunus] Faunus is put for Pan (C. i. iv. 11, n.), who had his principal temple on Mount Lycæus in Arcadia. The construction with 'muto,' permuto,' by which the remoter object becomes the nearer, is not peculiar to Horace, but it will be found to occur several times in his works. Virg. Georg. i. 8: "Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit arista." ̓Αλλάσσειν, ἀμείβειν also admit of this double construction, sometimes the thing given in exchange being in the accusative, sometimes the thing taken.

3. capellis] The dative.

7. Olentis uxores mariti,] the she-goats.' See Georg. iii. 125, "Quem legere ducem et pecori dixere maritum."

9. Nec Martiales Haediliae lupos,] Haediliae' was perhaps the name of one of the Sabine hills.

10. fistula] This instrument corresponded nearly to the Greck syrinx, and to what we call the Pandean pipe.

14. Hic tibi copia] The order of the words is 'hic copia opulenta ruris honorum manabit ad plenum tibi benigno cornu.' 'Here Plenty, rich in the glories of the country, shall pour herself out for thee abundantly from her generous horn.' 'Ad plenum' occurs in the same sense, Georg. ii. 244. The cornu copiae,' so common in ancient works of art as a horn filled with fruit and flowers, was a symbol belonging properly to the goddess Fortuna, to whom it is said to have been presented by Hercules, who won it from the river-god, Achelous. It was the horn of Amalthea, the goat-nurse of Zeus, who gave it such virtue that it was always filled with anything the owner wished. (See C. S. 60.)

18. fide Tera] The lyre of Anacreon, who was born at Teos on the coast of Ionia. 'Laborantes in uno' means in love with the same person, that is, Ulysses. Circe was the daughter of a sea-nymph, Perse, and was herself reckoned among the sea-goddesses. Hence, perhaps, the epithet 'vitrea,' glassy,' which applies properly to the sea, is given to Circe, just as 'caerula' is applied to Thetis in Epod. xiii. 16, and 'virides' to the sea-gods in Ov. Tr. i. 2. 59: "Pro superi viridesque Dei quibus acquora curae."

21. Lesbi] This is one of three Aegean wines mentioned by Horace, the others being from Cos and Chios. Lesbian was a mild wine.

22. Semelerus- Thyoneus] Bacchus is here called by both the names of