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He adopts unconstitutional means in order to accomplish his objects-Determines to repeal the Test and Habeas Corpus Acts-Resistance of the Commons, and general discontent-He violates the sacred obligations of law, and empowers Roman Catholics to hold offices in the Church-Resolves to use his Ecclesiastical Supremacy against the Church-Alarm caused by the institution of the Court of High Commission-Increasing discontent in the nation-Indignation manifested in consequence of the public display of Roman Catholic Rites-The fall of the Hydes-Alarm and indignation throughout England - Causes-William Prince of Orange becomes the head of the English party-The declaration of Indulgence-How viewed-The Jesuits obtain complete ascendancy over James-Highest offices of the state given only to Roman Catholics-Proceedings with regard to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge-Effects-Second declaration of IndulgencePetition of the Seven Bishops-Their trial-Agitation of the public mind-Universal joy on their acquittal— Views with regard to the Succession caused by the birth of the Prince of Wales-Change of opinion concerning the lawfulness of resistance-Disaffection of the Gentry-Discontent of the Army-Public indignation on the Irish troops being brought over to England -Prince of Orange takes advantage of the CrisisReceives assurances of support from persons of the highest note in Church, State, and Army-His expedition-The Revolution.

EXERCISES.

1. Downfall of the Roman Empire. 2. Revival of Letters. 3. First French Revolution. 4. The Conspiracy of Catiline. 5. The Superiority of the Ancients to the Moderns in the Art of Sculpture. 6. The Institution of Chivalry.

SECTION VIII.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES IN CONNECTION WITH
BOOK III.

1. Description of a Shipwreck or of a Battle-field.
2. An account of the River Nile.

3. Description of Mount Etna.
4. On the Diversity of the Zones.
5. The Solar System.

6. The Circulation of the Blood.

7. The Geographical Distribution of Plants.

8. The Geographical Distribution of Animals.

9. The Geographical Distribution of the Human Race. 10. History of the Knights Templars.

11. History of the Jesuits.

12. The Feudal System.

13. On the British Constitution.

14. A Comparison between Cæsar and Pompey. 15. Contrast between the present state of Britain and its condition at the time of the Romans.

16. The reasons which may be supposed to have induced Hannibal not to march on Rome after the Battle of Perugia.

17. An imaginary Story or Fable.

18. An imaginary Conversation or Dialogue.

19. The effect produced by Gladiatorial Exhibitions upon the Mind of the Roman people.

20. Prove from Internal Evidence the Authenticity of the Gospel of St Matthew.

21. The Gulf Stream.

22. Glaciers.

23. The Three Kingdoms of Nature.

24. Effects of the Invention of Gunpowder. 25. The Five Senses.

BOOK IV.

ON THEMES.

INTRODUCTION.

A THEME is an exercise in which the subject is treated according to a Set of Heads methodically arranged. In this respect it differs from the Essay, wherein the writer is at liberty to follow his own inclination as to the arrangement of his ideas. It is desirable, however, that the pupil, before he attempts the writing of Essays, should be trained 'to habits of consecutive thinking; and to this end the Theme, as experience has shown, is admirably adapted.

In this Book, four different Sets of Heads are presented, each accompanied by a model and skeleton exercises, for the assistance of the pupil. When required to write a Theme on any given subject, he is at liberty to omit such of the Heads as he may not find suitable. The particular Set of Heads adopted must, of course, be determined by the nature of the subject. When it consists of a proposition, for example, it must be treated according to the method laid down in Section IV.

SECTION I.

THEME WRITING.

Write Themes according to the following Method.

First Method.

I. INTRODUCTION: Make a few preliminary remarks applicable to the subject.

II. DEFINITION: State the subject distinctly, and, if necessary, explain it by a formal definition, a paraphrase, or a description.

III. ORIGIN: Explain the origin of the subject, or state the principles upon which its origin may be accounted for.

IV. PROGRESS: Give an account of the development of the subject from its origin to the present time.

V. PRESENT CONDITION: Describe the subject as it is now in operation.

VI. EFFECTS: Show the influence of the subject upon society, and the relation in which it stands to kindred subjects.

VII. CONCLUSION: Conclude with such remarks or reflections apposite to the subject as could not have been conveniently introduced under any of the previous heads.

MODEL.

Navigation.

Introduction. The prodigious waste of waters, which, covering so large a portion of the earth's surface, stretched themselves for ages as an insuperable barrier between its shores, have been rendered, by means of navigation, a medium of easy and expeditious communication.

Definition.-Navigation is the art of constructing ships, and of conducting them through the waters from port to port.

Origin. The origin of navigation ascends to a period beyond historical record. In the infancy of society, men would construct vessels more or less rude for the purpose of navigating rivers, or of making such limited voyages along the sea-shore as their necessities or inclination would suggest. The character of the structure would vary with the circumstances, the habits, and the genius of the people.

Progress. The progress of such an art as navigation would, in primitive times, be necessarily slow; and the condition at which it had arrived when it first became the subject of authentic record, must have been the result of a long series of experiments and failures. The polished nations of antiquity, though not in the possession of those resources requisite to bring the art to a state of perfection, were nevertheless frequently characterised by a spirit of enterprise and enlightened curiosity in their maritime expeditions. The Egyptians, shortly after the establishment of their monarchy, are said to have carried on a trade between the Red Sea and the western coast of India. The Phenicians, at a subsequent period, and with a more enterprising spirit, not only frequented all the ports of the Mediterranean, but, boldly venturing beyond the ancient limits of navigation, passed the straits of Gades, and visited the western coasts of Spain and Africa. The Carthaginians, originally from Phenicia, followed the example of the parent state, and materially contributed to the progress of navigation by extending their discoveries as far as Great Britain. The most memorable nautical undertakings of the ancients, however, were the expedition of Necho, King of Egypt, and the celebrated Periplus of the Carthaginian Hanno. The former, consisting of a Phenician fleet, sailed from a port in the Red Sea, doubled the southern promontory of Africa, and, entering the Mediterranean Sea, terminated it

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