periodical which exerts, not a didactic, but nevertheless a very direct, influence for what is best in the life of the family at home. When the "Youth's Companion," forty years ago, by a sort of chance, came into Mr. Ford's control, it had a circulation of 7,000 copies weekly. It now prints and circulates over 500,000 copies every week, and Mr. Ford's estate, which has been made entirely from the profits of his business, is estimated at $2,500,000. While he gave his personal attention to every detail of this great business, his modesty of disposition led him to keep his own personality absolutely in the background. His name did not appear on the periodical which he published, nor in any of the advertising which he so widely issued to the public. People transacting business with his firm rarely met him personally, since the executive work was conducted through able and loyal assistants. In a word, he shunned publicity, and, as Kipling says of Lord Roberts in a poem which we print on another page of this issue, he did not advertise himself-that is to say, he did his work in the best way he knew, but sought no personal renown. estate, which was a large one, is bequeathed almost entirely to philanthropic work, chiefly to organizations of the Baptist denomination, of which he was an active and loyal member. To us the most striking lesson of his life seems to be that a man may make a great commercial and pecuniary success while preserving ideality of purpose, absolute rectitude of action, and the sincerest simplicity, modesty, and unselfishness of personal bearing.

His

The appearance of the "InA New Review ternational Monthly," under the editorship of Mr. Frederick A. Richardson, of Burlington, Vt., and bearing the imprint of the Macmillan Company, is an interesting event in contemporary periodical literature. The new magazine, if it is successful, will fill a place of its own; its sphere lies outside that of the leading magazines. It is to be less journalistic than the periodicals of the class of the "North American Review " and the "Forum." Its sub-title, "A Magazine of Contemporary Thought," probably describes as accurately as a short

phrase can the purpose of the editor. That purpose is also to be discovered in the list of advisory editors, which includes Professors Royce and Toy, of Harvard, Professor Le Conte, of the University of California, Professor Giddings, of Columbia, Professor Trent, of the University of the South, Professors Van Dyke, of Rutgers, and Whitman, of the University of Chicago, and Dr. St. John Roosa. The first issue presents five articles: one on French Criticism by Édouard Rod, two long scientific papers by Professors Shaler and Trowbridge, a discussion of "Organization among American Artists" by Professor Charles De Kay, and a frank and very interesting treatment of the question of "The Theatrical Syndicate " by Norman Hapgood. It will be seen that the International" proposes to occupy in this country the field occupied in France by "Le Revue des Deux Mondes," and in England by reviews of the class of the "Nineteenth Century," the "Fortnightly," and the "Contemporary."

66

President Capen and Foreign Missions

Mr. Samuel B. Capen, the recently elected President of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, has made an address to the members and friends of that Board, stating the things which he feels should be done. His plan of work is set forth under three heads: (1) Organization; (2) Education; (3) Business Forethought. Organization, the first purpose, should secure, if possible, a gift every year from every church for each of the six missionary societies of the Congregational Church. This result is to be obtained by having a missionary committee in every State, in every conference, in every church, and this committee must see that there is definite effort, commensurate with the importance of the work. A large fraction of church members give little or nothing in this direction, and are often conspicuous by their absence on "Missionary Sunday." Last year only twenty-one per cent. of all the churches in the denomination gave to all the six societies; and in those churches which did give, many members gave nothing, because of the lack of method. Again, on account of ignorance with regard to the sixfold mis

sionary work, large sums of money are wasted every year in gifts to doubtful experiments. The average yearly donations to the societies for ten years were: to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions itself, $470,000; to the Congregational Home Missionary Society, $367,000; to the American Missionary Association, $178,000; to the Congregational Church Building Society, $59,000; to the Congregational Education Society, $73,000; and to the Congregational Sunday-School and Publication Society, $53,000, making a total of $1,200,000. On the basis of increase proposed by following out President Capen's plan of organization, the average yearly donation would amount to $1,600,000.

Education and Business Forethought

If there is need of a more complete organization, there is also need for better education in missionary endeavors. In a recent number of "Congregational Work" Dr. Bradford said that "before the treasuries of our missionary societies can be filled so that they will stay full, there must be a long and thorough campaign of education which shall have as its object the teaching of the people who live to-day that they and all men need the Gospel and Christian institutions." President Capen declares that this education should begin in the home; the missionary interest which stands the test of time starts at the fireside. He therefore recommends a catechism prepared with such questions, with answers, as the following: "What is missionary work?" "Why should I give to missions?" "What is the best way to help missionary work?" "How many missionary societies have we in the Congregational churches?" etc. There should be an illuminated card in large type with the name of the six societies hung upon the wall in every Sundayschool room, and the Sunday-school superintendent should supplement the catechism work of the teacher in the class. When the children have thus been instructed and interested in missionary work and in its stories of matchless heroism, they should be encouraged and expected to give systematically. The total gifts of the Methodists last year, to foreign and home missions together, amounted to $1,162,000,

of which the Sunday-schools contributed $382,000. The American Board receipts. were only $633,000, of which the Sundayschools gave directly $11,700. Comment is unnecessary. Mr. Capen believes that from the more than five thousand Congregational Sunday-schools the Board ought to raise no less than $50,000 the first year. Education of children in Sunday-schools means, however, far more than their present gifts; it means, in future years, the boys and girls themselves. The third portion of President Capen's timely address had to do with the subject of business forethought. Last year the American Board closed its accounts with a debt, but not because of any decline in the gifts of the living; these, on the contrary, had made a gratifying gain. The loss by legacy, however, was nearly twice as much as this gain. In the end, however, the debt may prove to be a blessing, if it leads to a recognition of the great variations in legacies and to consequent wiser business planning. It is now proposed to create a fund to average the legacies, so that the unusual receipts of one year may be an offset to the small receipts of another. Mr. Capen closes his address by the hope that, with the improved business outlook in America, the American Board may receive larger gifts. "In fact, I do not see how we can go on as we have gone in the last few years, closing out-stations, calling in helpers, retreating before the enemy."

The Moody Memorial Endowment

On Tuesday of last week the burial of Mr. Moody took place

at "Round Top," often called the Olivet of Northfield, Mass. From the hill one may see Mr. Moody's birthplace, a little more than a stone's throw to the south; his own home for the last quarter of a century, about as far to the west; the seminary buildings, a minute's walk to the north, and the buildings at Mount Hermon. To the north, Hinsdale, in New Hampshire, is plainly seen, while the hills about Brattleboro', Vermont, stand out in bold relief. The preceding devotional services at Mr. Moody's house and at the Congregational church were conducted by the Rev. Dr. Schofield, the pastor, and by the Rev. Drs. Torrey (Superintendent

of the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago), Pierson, Needham, Weston, Chapman, and Bishop Mallalieu. Messrs. Wanamaker, Wharton, and W. R. Moody also spoke. At the same time a service was held in New York City at the Calvary Baptist Church, at which the Rev. Drs. MacArthur, Hillis, and Hoadley, Mr. James Stokes, and others spoke. An appeal to the world has been issued to provide funds for the continuation of the special work begun by Mr. Moody twenty years ago. This work is represented by three institutions-the Northfield Seminary and Training-School for Young Women, the Mount Hermon School for Young Men, and the Bible Institute at Chicago. The Northfield plant consists of twelve hundred acres of land and about thirty buildings. This plant, with the present endowment, is valued at $1,250,000, and is practically free from debt. The Northfield schools have about four hundred students, each of whom pays a hundred dollars a year for board and tuition. At Chicago the buildings and endowment exceed $250,000 in value. The appeal says that the sum of about $125,000 annually is required to maintain the work on the principles successfully pursued for the last twenty years. This sum has heretofore been largely raised by Mr. Moody's personal efforts. A fund of three million dollars is asked for, which, at four per cent., will perpetuate his work. We may thus measure Mr. Moody's worth as a capitalist and as a laborer. He was not only the greatest evangelist of our time; his earning power in dollars and cents has hardly been appreciated.

Indiscriminate Aid to Theological Seminaries

It is significant that one of the first decisive moves toward a reform in indiscriminate aid to theological students should be made by the students themselves. Two meetings have recently been held by the students of the Yale Divinity School, at which the subject received vigorous and thorough treatment. A very few men, it is true, justified the method on the ground that the peculiar circumstances of their calling demanded it; but, on the other hand, many were strongly in favor of declining at once all such aid except it come in the nature of a

loan. Almost all the students felt that the present method was bad. President Hadley's inaugural address brought the subject of indiscriminate aid into prominence, and he concludes that all scholarship aid should be distinctly in the nature of a prize for really distinguished work, or payment for services rendered. The following resolution was almost unanimously carried at the Yale meetings: "Resolved, That we, members of the Divinity School, would heartily welcome any change in the distribution of the scholarship funds which would be in a line with the recent utterances of President Hadley." In this connection two contributions to current journalism are worth reading. In a recent issue of the "Congregationalist" the Rev. C. S. Macfarland sensibly suggests that funds for theological seminaries be divided into two classes of scholarships: one for excellence in class-room work, and the other for services rendered in such departments of work as city missions, for instance, under the direction of the faculty. In the January "Atlantic Monthly" President Hyde, of Bowdoin College, declares that, if law and medicine held out the opportunity of board and room, heat and light, clothing and furniture, instruction, and all the comforts and refinements of a cultivated club to anybody who could raise fifty dollars a year, these professions would soon be swamped by the horde of idlers and degenerates who would apply. "It is one of the highest testimonials to the Christian ministry that it has suffered so little harm from these pauperizing processes, which would have been the utter ruin of any other profession. Under these eleemosynary conditions natural selection does not get a fair chance to do its wholesome work of toning up the manhood of the ministry."

Father Malone

The Rev. Sylvester Malone died in Brooklyn December 29. Father Malone, as he was familiarly called by the people of the city, had been one of its bravest and most loyal citizens for sixty years. The golden jubilee, the fiftieth anniversary of his rectorship in the Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (R. C.), was celebrated by the leading citizens of Brooklyn and the clergymen of all denominations. In 1861, when news came of

the fall of Fort Sumter, Father Malone caused the American flag to be raised on the steeple of his church. There it hung night and day until the close of the war. He took it down the Sunday following the surrender of Lee, and preached an eloquent sermon on Brotherly Love. Father Malone was an ardent supporter of the public schools, because he believed them to be the best educators to American citizenship. His faith in his adopted. country was as fervent and unlimited as his faith in his Church and his God. Every cause deserving the aid of a citizen could depend on his public support. was elected one of the State Board of Regents, and served faithfully and well. His parish was extensive, having many in the humblest walks of life in its limits. To every man, woman, and child he was a friend. His hatred of all forms of meanness and brutality, his fearless denunciation of sin, made hin a tremendous moral force in the community.

Christmas

He

At least three notable things marked the Christmas of 1899 in the metropolis. One was the issue of an order by President Fargo, of the American Express Company, giving to each man, except agents whose salaries are a thousand dollars or more a year, five dollars for Christmas. About six hundred men received this gift in New York City alone, and about sixty-five hundred throughout the country, or half of the Company's entire force. In addition, the Company pensioned its old employees, and paid the insurance premiums on policies held by many of its men. We may add that in 1898 as well as in 1861, when the United States Government was calling for volunteers, the American Express Company retained on its pay-rolls every man who left its service for the front, and restored him to his former position on his return 'from military duty. The second event referred to above was the Salvation Army dinner at Madison Square Garden. Twenty-four thousand poor people were fed. Before Christmas the Salvation Army had placed on many a street corner large iron pots suspended from the junction of three poles, with the request to keep the pot boiling." That the appeal was heeded by a generous public may be

seen from the number of persons cheered by a dinner at the Madison Square Garden. A third noteworthy thing is found in the report of the Money-Order Department of the New York City Post-Office from December I to December 22, which shows that on those days, as compared with the corresponding period in other years, the largest sums on record changed hands.

Almost coincident with The Swiss President the announcement of the election of a new President for Switzerland came the news of the death of M. Numa Droz, the most distinguished of Swiss ex-Presidents. About thirty-five years ago he founded a paper called "Le National Suisse," which he conducted in the interests of the Radicals. As has been often said, however, the radicals of yesterday become the conservatives of to-day, and his particular radicalism has long since found adequate expression in such cantonal institutions as the initiative, the referendum, and proportional representation. The intelligent espousal of these and other reforms finally gained him a membership in the Grand Council thirty years ago, and a later appointment as Director of the Department of Public Instruction. Afterwards he successively directed the Departments of the Interior, of Agriculture and Commerce, and of Foreign Affairs. His most important achievements in this last-named position. were the enactment of the law regulating the protection of literary property and the negotiation of the Franco-Swiss Commercial Treaty. So notable had his international reputation become that the Great Powers tried to induce him to accept the position of resident legal adviser to young Prince George of Greece, who had been named as Governor-General of Crete. M. Droz felt, however, that he owed all of his energy to the service of his own country. How valuable that service has been is seen in his authoritative and suggestive books—for instance, his "Instruction Civique," a text-book used in Swiss schools and academies. The new President of Switzerland, Herr Walther Hauser, is also a Radical. He comes from German Switzerland, his home being near Zürich. Although the President's office is the most distinguished in the gift of the

Government, the salary was purposely made small; it is but twenty-seven hundred dollars a year.

One Result of Sanitary Knowledge

The annual report of the Superintendent of the New York Institution for the Blind calls attention to the steady decrease in the number of children who become blind in New York after

birth. This decrease he attributes to the

rapidly increasing knowledge of sanitary science; the careful medical inspection of the public schools; the recognition by the ignorant poor of the danger of diseases of the eye, and their effort to cure, if not prevent, them; the increased knowledge of the medical profession about the eye and its treatment. Better food and homes, some conception of the value of cleanliness and its relation to health, the new knowledge of the cost of disease in the poor man's home-all these are contributing causes to the happy result reported. Another cause is the new education, which recognizes the factors of hygiene and sanitation, and demands properly. ventilated and lighted rooms for the use of children during school life.

Booker T. Washington on

Our Racial Problem

No man in the present decade has thrown so much light on the difficult problem presented by the race conditions in the South as Mr. Booker T. Washington. He has done this by his deeds even more than by his words. He has commended himself to the best elements in his own race and in the white race, both South and North. He has had amazing success in overcoming both race and sectional prejudice, and he has done this, not by palterings or evasions, not by using words in a double sense, not by giving one message to the colored people, another to the Southern whites, and a third to the Northern whites, not by yielding to prejudice, sectional or racial, not by presenting as a compromise a mosaic-work platform made up of incongruous principles, but by his clear per

ception and courageous but always nonpolemical presentation of fundamental principles. And it is only in the discovery and application of fundamental principles that the true solution of any great problem can ever be found. In his recently published book on "The Future of the American Negro" Mr. Washington collates his various utterances on this subject, and from this book we gather and state here ciples, the ignoring or violation of which what appear to us to be fundamental prinhas done much to aggravate the difficulties which we have inherited from slavery. In the statement of these principles we acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr. Washington, while he is not to be held

responsible for our formulation of what are in the main simply our interpretations of his teachings.

The problem itself is, first, how to make the eight or ten millions of people of African descent in the United States self

supporting, intelligent, economical, and valuable citizens, and, second, to bring about right relations between them and the white citizens among whom they live.

The second problem can be answered The charonly by answering the first. acter of the negro is more important to him than his place, and the best way to secure for him his right place is to endow him with a right character. It has been a grievous mistake to put agitation for his recognition before strenuous effort to give him a character which deserves to be recognized. It is, for example, much more important to make him competent to exercise the suffrage than to give the suffrage to him. Suffrage given to him while incompetent is a disadvantage alike to him and to the community in which he lives. Mr. Washington is of the opinion that giving him the ballot without conferring upon him qualification to exercise it wisely was a mistake:

I think it would have been better for all concerned if, immediately after the close of the war, an educational and property qualification for the exercise of the franchise had been prescribed, that would have applied fairly and squarely to both races; and also if, in educating the

negro, greater stress had been put upon training him along the lines of industry, for which his services were in the greatest demand in the South. In a word, too much stress was

placed upon the mere matter of voting and holding political office rather than upon the preparation for the highest citizenship.