which was addressed to Amrou, the future conqueror of Egypt. "In the name of the most merciful God: from Ca led to Amrou, health and happiness. Know that thy brethren the Moslems design to march to Aiznadin, where there is an army of seventy thousand Greeks, who purpose to come against us, that they may extinguish the light of God with their mouths; but God preserveth his light in spite of the infidels.56 As soon therefore as this letter of mine shall be delivered to thy hands, come with those that are with thee to Aiznadin, where thou shalt find us if it please the most high God." The summons was cheerfully obeyed, and the fortyfive thousand Moslems, who met on the same day, on the same spot ascribed to the blessing of Providence the effects of their activity and zeal.

About four years after the triumphs of the Persian war, the repose of Heraclius and the empire was again disturbed by a new enemy, the power of whose religion was more strongly felt, than it was clearly understood, by the Christians of the East. In his palace of Constantinople or Antioch, he was awakened by the invasion of Syria, the loss of Bosra, and the danger of Damascus.* An army of seventy thousand veter

ans, or new levies, was assembled at Hems or Emesa, under the command of his general Werdan: 57 and these troops, consisting chiefly of cavalry, might be indifferently styled either Syrians, or Greeks, or Romans: Syrians, from the place of their birth or warfare; Greeks from the religion and language of their sovereign; and Romans, from the proud appellation which was still profaned by the successors of

56 These words are a text of the Koran, c. ix. 32, lxı. 8. Like our fanatics of the last century, the Moslems, on every familiar or important occasion, spoke the language of their Scriptures; a style more natural in their mouths than the Hebrew idiom transplanted into the climate and dialect of Britain.

57 The name of Werdan is unknown to Theophanes; and, though it might belong to an Armenian chief, has very little of a Greek aspect or sound. If the Byzantine historians have mangled the Oriental names, the Arabs, in this instance, likewise have taken ample revenge on their enemies. In transposing the Greek character from right to left, might they not produce, from the familiar appellation of Andrew, something like the anagram Werdan? †

It is difficult here to reconcile the Persian authorities of Major Price with the Arabian writers consulted by Gibbon.

Vardan is an Armenian name. M. St. Martin conjectures that he was of the Mamigonian race; vol. xi. p. 205. — M.

Constantine. On the plain of Aiznadin, as Werdan rode or a white mule decorated with gold chains, and surrounded with ensigns and standards, he was surprised by the near approach of a fierce and naked warrior, who had undertaken to view the state of the enemy. The adventurous valor of Derar was inspired, and has perhaps been adorned, by the enthusiasm of his age and country. The hatred of the Christians, the lov of spoil, and the contempt of danger, were the ruling passions of the audacious Saracen; and the prospect of instant death could never shake his religious confidence, or ruffle the calmness of his resolution, or even suspend the frank and martial pleasantry of his humor. In the most hopeless enterprises, he was bold, and prudent, and fortunate: after innumerable hazards, after being thrice a prisoner in the hands of the infi dels, he still survived to relate the achievements, and to enjoy the rewards, of the Syrian conquest. On this occasion, his single lance maintained a flying fight against thirty Romans, who were detached by Werdan; and, after killing or unhorsing seventeen of their number, Derar returned in safety to his applauding brethren. When his rashness was mildly censured by the general, he excused himself with the simplicity of a soldier. "Nay," said Derar, "I did not begin first but they came out to take me, and I was afraid that God should see me turn my back: and indeed I fought in good earnest, and without doubt God assisted me against them; and had I not been apprehensive of disobeying your orders, I should not have come away as I did; and I perceive already that they will fall into our hands." In the presence of both armies, a venerable Greek advanced from the ranks with a liberal offer of peace; and the departure of the Saracens would have been purchased by a gift to each soldier, of a turban, a robe, and a piece of gold; ten robes and a hun dred pieces to their leader; one hundred robes and a thousand pieces to the caliph. A smile of indignation expressed the refusal of Caled. "Ye Christian dogs, you know your option; the Koran, the tribute, or the sword. We are a people whose delight is in war, rather than in peace and we despise your pitiful alms, since we shall be speedily masters of your wealth, your families, and your persons." Notwithstanding this apparent disdain, he was deeply conscious of the public danger those who had been in Persia, and had seen the armies of Chosroes, confessed that they never beheld a more formidable array. From the superiority of the enemy, the

artful Saracen derived a fresh incentive of courage:
66 Ya
see before you," said he, "the united force of the Romans
you cannot hope to escape, but you may conquer Syria in :
single day. The event depends on your discipline an
patience. Reserve yourselves till the evening. It was in
the evening that the Prophet was accustomed to vanquish."
During two successive engagements, his temperate firmness
sustained the darts of the enemy, and the murmurs of his
troops. At length, when the spirits and quivers of the
adverse line were almost exhausted, Caled gave the signal of
onset and victory. The remains of the Imperial army fled to
Antioch, or Cæsarea, or Damascus; and the death of four
hundred and seventy Moslems was compensated by the
opinion that they had sent to hell above fifty thousand of the
infidels. The spoil was inestimable; many banners and
crosses of gold and silver, precious stones, silver and gold
chains, and innumerable suits of the richest armor and ap-
parel. The general distribution was postponed till Damascus
should be taken; but the seasonable supply of arms became
the instrument of new victories. The glorious intelligence
was transmitted to the throne of the caliph; and the Arabian
tribes, the coldest or most hostile to the prophet's mission,
were eager and importunate to share the harvest of Syria.

The sad tidings were carried to Damascus by the speed of grief and terror; and the inhabitants beheld from their walls the return of the heroes of Aiznadin. Amrou led the van at the head of nine thousand horse: the bands of the Saracens succeeded each other in formidable review; and the rear was closed by Caled in person, with the standard of the black eagle. To the activity of Derar he intrusted the commis sion of patrolling round the city with two thousand horse, of scouring the plain, and of intercepting all succor or intelligence. The rest of the Arabian chiefs were fixed in their respective stations before the seven gates of Damascus; and the siege was renewed with fresh vigor and confidence. The art, the labor, the military engines, of the Grecks and Romans are seldom to be found in the simple, though successful, operations of the Saracens : it was sufficient for them to invest a city with arms, rather than with trenches; to repel the sallies of the besieged; to attempt a stratagem or an assault; or to expect the progress of famine and discontent. Damas cus would have acquiesced in the trial of Aiznadin, as a final and peremptory sentence between the emperor and the caliph

her courage was rekindled by the example and authority of Thomas, a noble Greek, illustrious in a private condition by the alliance of Heraclius.58 The tumult and illumination of the night proclaimed the design of the morning sally; and the Christian hero, who affected to despise the enthusiasm of the Arabs, employed the resource of a similar superstition. At the principal gate, in the sight of both armies, a lofty crucifix was erected; the bishop, with his clergy, accompanied the march, and laid the volume of the New Testament before the image of Jesus; and the contending parties were scandalized or edified by a prayer that the Son of God would defend his servants and vindicate his truth. The battle raged with incessant fury; and the dexterity of Thomas,52 an in comparable archer, was fatal to the boldest Saracens, till their death was revenged by a female heroine. The wife of Aban, who had followed him to the holy war, embraced her expiring husband. "Happy," said she, "happy art thou, my dear: thou art gone to thy Lord, who first joined us together, and then parted us asunder. I will revenge thy death, and en deavor to the utmost of my power to come to the place where thou art, because I love thee. Henceforth shall no man ever touch me more, for I have dedicated myself to the service of God." Without a groan, without a tear, she washed the corpse of her husband, and buried him with the usual rites Then grasping the manly weapons, which in her native land she was accustomed to wield, the intrepid widow of Aban sought the place where his murderer fought in the thickest of the battle. Her first arrow pierced the hand of his stan dard-bearer; her second wounded Thomas in the eye; ano the fainting Christians no longer beheld their ensign or their leader. Yet the generous champion of Damascus refused tc withdraw to his palace: his wound was dressed on the ram part; the fight was continued till the evening; and the Syri ans rested on their arms. In the silence of the night, the

Vanity prompted the Arabs to believe, that Thomas was the son m-law of the emperor. We know the children of Heraclius by his two wives; and his august daughter would not have married in exile at Damascus, (see Ducange, Fam. Byzantin. p. 118, 119.) Had he been less religious, I might only suspect the legitimacy of the damsel 59 Al Wakidi (Ockley, p. 101) says, "with poisoned arrows; but this savage invention is so repugnant to the practice of the Greeks and Romans, that I must suspect, on this occasion, the malevolent Bredulity of the Saracens.

signal was given by a stroke on the great bell; the gates were thrown open, and each gate discharged an impetuous column on the sleeping camp of the Saracens. Caled was

the first in arms: at the head of four hundred horse he flew to the post of danger, and the tears trickled down his iron cheeks, as he uttered a fervent ejaculation; “O God, who never sleepest, look upon thy servants, and do not deliver them into the hands of their enemies." The valor and victory of Thomas were arrested by the presence of the Sword of God; with the knowledge of the peril, the Moslems recovered their ranks, and charged the assailants in the flank and rear. After the loss of thousands, the Christian general retreated with a sigh of despair, and the pursuit of the Saracens was checked by the military engines of the rampart.

After a siege of seventy days,60 the patience, and perhaps the provisions, of the Damascenes were exhausted; and the bravest of their chiefs submitted to the hard dictates of necessity. In the occurrences of peace and war, they had been taught to dread the fierceness of Caled, and to revere the mild virtues of Abu Obeidah. At the hour of midnight, one hundred chosen deputies of the clergy and people were introduced to the tent of that venerable commander. He received and dismissed them with courtesy. They returned with a written agreement, on the faith of a companion of Mahomet, that all hostilities should cease; that the voluntary emigrants might depart in safety, with as much as they could carry away of

o Abulfeda allows only seventy days for the siege of Damascus, (Annal. Moslem. p. 67, vers. Reiske;) but Elmacin, who mentions this opinion, prolongs the term to six months, and notices the use of balista by the Saracens, (Hist. Saracen. p. 25, 32.) Even this longer period is insufficient to fill the interval between the battle of Aiznadin (July, A. D. 633) and the accession of Omar, (24th July, A. D. 634,) to whose reign the conquest of Damascus is unanimously ascribed, (Al Wakidi, apud Ockley, vol. i. p. 115, Abulpharagius, Dynast. p. 112, vers. Pocock.)* Perhaps, as in the Trojan war, the operations were interrupted by excursions and detachments, till the last seventy days of the siege.

*M. St. Martin gives Tuesday, the 23d August, 634, as the most probAble date of the death of Abubeker, "without being confident that it was also the date of the taking of Damascus, which nevertheless must have been conquered by the Arabs about the same time.' It appears evident from the testimony of all the Arabian authors, that the news of the capture of Damascus, conquered under the reign of Abubeker, was not known in Arabia till that of Omar, (vol. xi. p. 218. — M.