still persevered in the defence of Durazzo; and a Venetian commander supplied the place of George Palæologus, who had been imprudently called away from his station. The tents of the besiegers were converted into barracks, to sustain the inclemency of the winter; and in answer to the defiance of the garrison, Robert insinuated, that his patience was at least equal to their obstinacy.77 Perhaps he already trusted to his secret correspondence with a Venetian noble, who sold the city for a rich and honorable marriage. At the dead of night, several rope-ladders were dropped from the walls; the light Calabrians ascended in silence; and the Greeks were awakened by the name and trumpets of the conqueror. Yet they defended the streets three days against an enemy al ready master of the rampart; and near seven months elapsed between the first investment and the final surrender of the place. From Durazzo, the Norman duke advanced into the heart of Epirus or Albania; traversed the first mountains of Thessaly; surprised three hundred English in the city of Castoria; approached Thessalonica; and made Constantinople tremble. A more pressing duty suspended the prosecu tion of his ambitious designs. By shipwreck, pestilence, and the sword, his army was reduced to a third of the original numbers; and instead of being recruited from Italy, he was informed, by plaintive epistles, of the mischiefs and dangers which had been produced by his absence: the revolt of the cities and barons of Apulia; the distress of the pope; and the approach or invasion of Henry king of Germany. Highly presuming that his person was sufficient for the public safety, he repassed the sea in a single brigantine, and left the remains of the army under the command of his son and the Norman counts, exhorting Bohemond to respect the freedom of his peers, and the counts to obey the authority of their leader. The son of Guiscard trod in the footsteps of his father; and the two destroyers are compared, by the Greeks, to the caterpillar and the locust, the last of whom devours whatever has escaped the teeth of the former.78 After winning two battles

77 The Romans had changed the inauspicious name of Epi-damnus to Dyrrachium, (Plin. iii. 26;) and the vulgar corruption of Duraeium (see Malaterra) bore some affinity to hardness. One of Robert's names was Durand, à durando: poor w.t! (Alberic. Monach. in Chron. apud Muratori, Annali d' Italia, tom. ix. p. 137.)

78 Βρουχους καὶ ἀκρίδας εἶπεν ἄν τις αὐτοὺς πατέρα καὶ υἱον, (Anas Li. p. 35.) By these similes, so different from those of Homar, she

against the emperor, he descended into the plain of Thessaly, and besieged Larissa, the fabulous realm of Achilles,79 which contained the treasure and magazines of the Byzantine camp. Yet a just praise must not be refused to the fortitude and pru dence of Alexius, who bravely struggled with the calamities of the times. In the poverty of the state, he presumed to borrow the superfluous ornaments of the churches: the de sertion of the Manichæans was supplied by some tribes of Moldavia: a reënforcement of seven thousand Turks replaced and revenged the loss of their brethren; and the Greek sol. diers were exercised to ride, to draw the bow, and to the daily practice of ambuscades and evolutions. Alexius had been taught by experience, that the formidable cavalry of the Franks on foot was unfit for action, and almost incapable of motion; 80 his archers were directed to aim their arrows at the horse rather than the man; and a variety of spikes and snares were scattered over the ground on which he might expect an attack. In the neighborhood of Larissa the events of war were protracted and balanced. The courage of Bohe nond was always conspicuous, and often successful; but his camp was pillaged by a stratagem of the Greeks; the city was impregnable; and the venal or discontented counts deserted his standard, betrayed their trusts, and enlisted in the service of the emperor. Alexius returned to Constantinople with the advantage, rather than the honor, of victory. After evacuating the conquests which he could no longer defend, the son of Guiscard embarked for Italy, and was embraced by a father who esteemed his merit, and sympathized in his misfortune.

Of the Latin princes, the allies of Alexius and enemies of

wishes to inspire contempt as well as horror for the little noxious animal, a conqueror. Most unfortunately, the common sense, or common nonsense, of mankind, resists her lauable design.

79

Prodiit hâc auctor Trojanæ cladis Achilles.

The supposition of the Apulian (1. v. p. 275) may be excused by the more classic poetry of Virgil, (Æneid. ii. 197,) Larissæus Achilles, but it is not justified by the geography of Homer.

* The τῶν πεδίλων προέλματα, which encumbered the knights on foot, have been ignorantly translated spurs, (Anna Comnena, Alexias, 1. v. p. 140.) Ducange has explained the true sense by a ridiculous and inconvenient fashion, which lasted from the xith to the xvth cen. tury. These peaks, in the form of a scorpion, were sometimes two feet, and fastened to the knee with a silver chain.

Robert, the most prompt and powerful was Herry the Third of Fourth, king of Germany and Italy, and future emperor of the West. The epistle of the Greek monarch 81 to his brother is filled with the warmest professions of friendship, and the most lively desire of strengthening their alliance by every public and private tie. He congratulates Henry on his success in a just and pious war; and comp.ains that the prosperity of his own empire is disturbed by the audacious enterprises of the Norman Robert. The lists of his presents expresses the manners of the age a radiated crown of gold, a cross set with pearls to hang on the breast, a case of relics, with the names and titles of the saints, a vase of crystal, a vase of sardonyx some balm, most probably of Mecca, and one hundred pieces of purple. To these he added a more solid present, of one hundred and forty-four thousand Byzantines of gold, with a further assurance of two hundred and sixteen thousand, so soon as Henry should have entered in arms the Apulian territories, and confirmed by an oath the league against the common enemy. The German,82 who was already in Lombardy at the head of an army and a faction, accepted these liberal offers, and marched towards the south: his speed was checked by the sound of the battle of Durazzo; but the influence of his arms, or name, in the hasty return of Robert, was a full equivalent for the Grecian bribe. Henry was the severe adversary of the Normans, the allies and vassals of Gregory the Seventh, his implacable foe. The long quarrel of the throne and mitre had been recently kindled by the zeal and ambition of that haughty priest: 83 the king and the pope had

The epistle itself (Alexias, l. iii. p. 93, 94, 95) well deserves to De read. There is one expression, ἀστροπέλεκυν δεδεμένον μετὰ χρυσαgiov, which Ducange does not understand. I have endeavored to grope out a tolerable meaning : χρυσάφιον is a golden crown; ἀστρο Télexus is explained by Simon Portius, (in Lexico Græco-Barbar.,) by κεραυνός, πρηστήρ, a fash of lightning.

82 For these general events I must refer to the general historians Sigonius, Baronius, Muratori, Mosheim, St. Marc, &c.

83 The lives of Gregory VII. are either legends or invectives, (St. Marc, Abrégé, tom. iii. p. 235, &c. ;) and his miraculous or magical performances are alike incredible to a modern reader. He will, as asual, find some instruction in Le Clerc, (Vie de Hildebrand, Bibliot. ancienne et moderne, tom. viii.,) and much amusement in Bayle, (Dioionnaire Critique, Gregoire VII.) That pope was undoubtedly a great man, a second Athanasius, ir a more fortunate age of the church. May I presume to add, that the portrait of Athanasius is one of the

degraded each other; and each had seated a rival on the temporal or spiritual throne of his antagonist. After the de feat and death of his Swaban rebel, Henry descended into Italy, to assume the Imperial crown, and to drive from the Vatican the tyrant of the church.84 But the Roman people adhered to the cause of Gregory: their resolution was forti fied by supplies of men and money from Apulia; and the city was thrice ineffectually besieged by the king of Germany. In the fourth year he corrupted, as it is said, with Byzantine gold, the nobles of Rome, whose estates and castles had been ruined by the war. The gates, the bridges, and fifty hostages, were delivered into his hands: the anti-pope, Clement the Third, was consecrated in the Lateran: the grateful pontiff crowned his protector in the Vatican; and the emperor Henry fixed his residence in the Capitol, as the lawful successor of Augustus and Charlemagne. The ruins of the Septizonium were still defended by the nephew of Gregory : the pope himself was invested in the castle of St. Angelo; and his last hope was in the courage and fidelity of his Norman vassal. Their friendship had been interrupted by some reciprocal injuries and complaints; but, on this pressing occasion, Guiscard was urged by the obligation of his oath, by his interest, more potent than oaths, by the love of fame, and his enmity to the two emperors. Unfurling the holy banner, he resolved to fly to the relief of the prince of the apostles: the most numerous of his armies, six thousand horse, and thirty thousand foot, was instantly assembled ; and his march from Salerno to Rome was animated by the public applause and the promise of the divine favor. Henry, invincible in sixty-six battles, trembled at his approach; recollected some indispensable affairs that

passages of my history (vol. ii. p. 332, &c.) with which I am the least dissatisfied? *

84 Anna, with the rancor of a Greek schismatic, calls him xaτánsuotos oûtos Ilắñas, (l. i. p. 32,) a pope, or priest, worthy to be spit upon; and accuses him of scourging, shaving, and perhaps of castrating the ambassadors of Henry, (p. 31, 33.) But this outrage is improbable and doubtful, (see the sensible preface of Cousin.)

* There is a fair life of Gregory V I. by Voigt, (Weimar, 1816,) which has been translated into French. M. Villemain, it is understood, has devoted much time to the study of this remarkable character, to whom his eloquence may do justice. There is much valuable information on the subject in the accurate work of Stenzel, Geschichte Deutschlands unter den Fränkischen Kaisern the History of Germany under the Emperors of the Fransonian Race.—M

required his presence in Lombardy; exhorted the Romans to persevere in their allegiance; and hastily retreated three days before the entrance of the Normans. In less than three years, the son of Tancred of Hauteville enjoyed the glory of delivering the pope, and of compelling the two emperors, of the East and West, to fly before his victorious arms.85 But the triumph of Robert was clouded by the calamities of Rome. By the aid of the friends of Gregory, the walls had been perforated or scaled; but the Imperial faction was still powerful and active; on the third day, the people rose in a furious tumult; and a hasty word of the conqueror, in his defence or revenge, was the signal of fire and pillage.86 The Saracens of Sicily, the subjects of Roger, and auxiliaries of his brother, embraced this fair occasion of rifling and profaning the holy city of the Christians: many thousands of the citizens, in the sight, and by the a..ies of their spiritual father, were exposed to violation, captivity raeah and a spacious quarter of the city, from the Lateran to the Coliseum, was consumed by the flames, and devoted to perpetual solitude.87 From a city, where he was now hated, and might be no longer feared, Gregory retired to end his days in the palace of Salerno. The artful pontiff might flatter the vanity of Guiscard with the hope of a Roman or Imperial crown; but this dan gerous measure, which would have inflamed the ambition of the Norman, must forever have alienated the most faithful princes of Germany.

The deliverer and scourge of Rome might have indulged

Sic uno tempore victi

Sunt terræ Domini duo: rex Alemannicus iste,

Imperii rector Romani maximus ille.

Alter ad arma ruens armis superatur; et alter
Nominis auditi solà formidine cessit.

It is singular enough, that the Apulian, a Latin, should distinguish the Greek as the ruler of the Roman empire, (1. iv. p. 274.)

Be The narrative of Malaterra (l. iii. c. 37, p. 587, 588) is authentic, circumstantial, and fair. Dux ignem exclamans urbe incensa, &c. The Apulian softens the mischief, (inde quibusdam ædibus exustis,) which is again exaggerated in some partial chronicles, (Muratori, Annali, tom. ix. p. 147.)

87 After mentioning this devastation, the Jesuit Donatus (de Roma veteri et novâ, 1. iv. c. 8, p. 489) prettily adds, Duraret hodieque in Celio monte, interque ipsum et capitolium, miserabilis facies prostrata urbis, nisi in hortorum vinetorumque amoenitatem Roma resurrexis set, ut perpetuâ viriditate contegeret ulnera et ruinas suas.