Skepticism again. These inquiries terminating thus fruitlessly, a new and desperate spring was made in Alexandria: reason was given up for ecstasy; Philosophy merged itself in Religion. In Germany a similar spectacle presents itself: Schelling identified Philosophy with Religion. Thus has Philosophy completed its circle, and we are left in this nineteenth century precisely at the same point at which we were in the fifth.
Observe, however-and the fact is full of significance-how, in the course of speculation, those questions which were susceptible of positive treatment, gradually acquired strength and development. If we are as far removed from a solution of any ontological problem as we were in the days of Proclus, we are not nearly so ignorant of the laws of mental operation. Psychology is not a mature science yet; but it boasts of some indisputable truths. Although much remains to do, much also has been done; and whatever be the ultimate results of the new Method, it is satisfactory to feel that we have at least escaped from the vicious circle of verbal quibbling and logomachy, and are advancing on a straight road, every step bringing us nearer to positive knowledge, every addition being that of inalienable truth.
Modern philosophy staked its pretensions on the one question: Have we any ideas independent of experience? This was asking, in other words, Have we any organon of Philosophy?
The answer always ends in a negative. If any one, therefore, remain unshaken by the accumulated proofs this History affords. of the impossibility of Philosophy, let him distinctly bear in mind that the first problem he must solve is, Have we ideas independent of experience? Let him solve that ere he begins to speculate.
Abelard, his character, birth, de- | scent, studies, 346; love of dia- lectics, taste for notoriety, personal appearance, triumph over his mas- ter, origin of his misfortunes, 348; establishes a school of philosophy, his debate with Champeaux, 349; his brilliant career, intrigue with Heloise, 350-355; becomes a monk, founds the convent of the Para- clete, his philosophy and contribu- tions to the development of specu- lation, 355; peculiarity of his doc- trine, 357-359; object of his work Introductio ad Theologiam, his trea- tise Sic et Non, 359. Academy, the New, difference be- tween the skepticism of the New Academicians and that of the Pyr- rhonists, 293; its derivation from Plato explained, 296. Academicians, the New, problem re- specting perception presented by them, 298-304.
Alcibiades, his description of Socra- tes, 123.
Algazzāli: birth, parentage, studies, profession, 363; resemblance be- tween him and Descartes, 363; his skepticism, 364; his examination of doctrines held by the faithful, 366 his career and endeavors to attain the ecstatic state, 367; his attempts to prove the existence of prophetism, 369.
Alexandrian schools, the, 307; schools
of philosophy formed at Alexandria, 308; illustrious men assembled there, 309; direction given to the mind by the Alexandrian school, 313; in what its originality con- sists, its dialectics, 315; its theories of inspiration, 319; the Alexandrian Trinity, 320-324; similarity of the Alexandrian Trinity to that of Spi- noza, 326; aim of the Alexandrian school, 333; its termination in Pro- clus, 336.
Ameinias, his statement respecting Parmenides, 49.
Anaximander, his birth, inventions ascribed to him, 10; astronomical and mathematical knowledge, lead- er of a colony to Apollonia, resi- dence at the court of Polycrates, doctrines and speculations, 11; his distinction between finite things and the Infinite All, 13; his specu- lations wholly deductive, 14; his physical speculations, 15; harmony between him and Pythagoras, 33. Anaximenes, doctrines of, a develop- ment of those of Thales, his birth- place, his theory respecting air, 6; his doctrine an advance on Thales, 7. Anaxagoras: birth, patrimony, char- acter, passion for philosophy, and residence at Athens, 71; his pov- erty, career as a teacher, pupils, accusation, banishment, death, 72; his philosophy, 72; leading doc- trines, 74; cosmology, 75; his re- jection of Fate and Chance, 76; Plato's objection to him, 78; his notion respecting Intelligence, 80; mistakes made by him, inapplica- bility of the title Eclectic to him, 82; admission of both Sense and Rea- son into his system, 83. Antisthenes, his life, teachers, sys- tem, 177; his manners and gloomy temper, school founded by him,178. Arabians, two great epochs in the in- tellectual development of the, 369; Arabian philosophy, 361; Arabian philosophers, their familiarity with Greek writers, 362; obligations of Europe to, 370.
Arcesilaus: birth, studies, promotion to the academic chair, character, death, 294; his doctrine of a acata- lepsy, 297.
Archytas and Timæus, works attrib- uted to them, spurious, 24. Aristippus, founder. of the Cyrenaic school; his acquaintance with Soc-
rates, 173; residence at Corinth; disposition and character, return to Cyrene, 174; his philosophy, a precursor of Epicureanism, its re- lation to Socrates, 175; his doc- trine of pleasure, 177. Aristotle birth, origin, 241; educa- tion, visit to Athens, 242; writes his History of Animals, 243; founds the school of the Peripatetics, in- fluence of his writings, 244; nature of his method, 246; difference be- tween him and Plato, 247; his doc- trine of induction, 249; commence- ment of positive science in Aris- totle's method, 250; difference be- tween the Aristotelian method and the method of positive science, 250; difference between Aristotle's and Plato's use of the term dialectics, 252; his categories, 255; object of his logic, 256; his propositions, 257; his definition of the syllo- gism, 259; his metaphysics, 261; errors in his theory, 262; his va rious doctrines, 263; compared with Plato, his versatile intellect, 264; results of his labors, 266; his long authority explained, 372; his influence on the sixteenth cen- tury, 378.
it by Le Maistre and Macaulay re- futed, 420-434.
Baillarger, M., his method for meas- uring the surfaces of the brain, 766. Belief and perception, difference be- tween, 585.
Berkeley, George: birth, education, publication of his writings, visit to London, reception there, character, 548; career, travels, preferment, visit to America, return to Eng- land, made Bishop of Cloyne, re- moval to Oxford, death, his ideal- isin, 549; misunderstanding of him by his critics, his rejection of the noumenon explained, 550; ac- cusation brought against him re- futed, doctrine of the reality of things maintained by him, 552; his definition of substance, 553; his starting-point, 556; his theory of the origin of knowledge, 557; ker- nel of his system, 558; his identi- fication of the object with sensa- tion, 559; fundamental principle of his theory, 560; his refutation of realism, 561; his triumph over dualism, 563; his theory irrefuta- ble, 564; his main position incon- trovertible, 566; causes of his fail- ure, results of his labors, 569.
Authority and Liberty, principles Brain, function of the, 597; discrep-
Bacon, Francis: birth, ancestry, edu- cation, 398; visits France, studies common law, distinguished as an orator, 399; sworn a member of the Privy Council, appointed keeper of the Great Seal; created Baron Ver- ulam, accused of corruption, 400; impeached, retires from public life, 401; his death, his method, 402; his four classes of idols, 402 ; his description of induction, 404; his doctrine illustrated, 405; his Pre- rogative Instances, 406; distinguish- ing characteristic of his philosophy, 408; his chief merit, 409; division of his method into two parts, his Aphorisms, 410; positive tendency of his speculations, 411; his sepa- ration of science from theology il- lustrated, 412; his declaration re- specting physics, 413; his testimo- nies to the genius and errors of the ancients, 415; the groundwork of his Organum, 416; his constant aim, 417; inquiry into the ori- ginality and usefulness of his method, objections brought against
ancies in the size of the, 767. Bruno, Giordano, his martyrdom, 373; rarity of his works, 374; his birth and disposition, character, adopts the Dominican frock, 375; his doubts on transubstantiation and respecting Aristotle, his ad- venturous course, 376; his perse- cutions, 377; his teachers, 379; his position among teachers, his travels and adventures, 379-384; flight to Venice, thrown into pris- on, 385; sent to Rome, excommuni- cated and perishes at the stake, 386; historical value of his system, character of his writings, 388; his anticipation of Spinoza and Des- cartes, impulse given by him to the study of Nature, 390; his creed, 391; grandeur of his system, 392; his comedy, 393; his various writ- ings, 394-397.
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 740; physiological method to be sought in him, 742; birth, profession, res- idence at Auteuil, death, his work entitled Rapports en Physique, his position in the history of philoso-
phy, 742; his recognition of the unity of life and mind, 748; his predecessors, his physiological psy- chology, 744; results of his survey of the human organism, 746; object of his treatise, 746; popularity and influence of his work, 747. Carneades, birth, teachers, promo- tion to the academic chair, sent as ambassador to Rome, 295; influ- ence, return to Athens, death, 296. Cartesian doctrine, 454. Causation, defined, 586; weakness of the theory of, exposed, 662; in- stinctive belief in causation proved to be false, 666; belief in causa- tion, on what founded, 668; uni- versal causation, source of the be- lief in, 664; reflection required for the belief in, not an instinct, 666. Century, the sixteenth, its place in history, 377.
Certainty, how attainable, xxxiv. Christology, Hegelian, Spinoza's an- ticipation of, 466. Collard, Royer, 772.
Common sense philosophy, failure of and benefits conferred by, 629. Comte, Auguste: historical position, nature of his method, 776; his Cours de Philosophie Positive, 777; his inauguration of a philosophy of science, 778; his three initial con- ceptions, 779; his fundamental law of evolution, 780; nature of, 781; its three stages not strictly chrono- logical, 782; his classification of the fundamental sciences, 785; his in- fluence, 787.
Condillac, Etienne de, birth, career, publication of his essay, appointed tutor to the Prince of Parma, made a member of the French Academy, publication of his Logic, death, 589; the representative of Locke in France, object of his Traité des Sen- sations, peculiarity of his system, 590; his misconception of Locke, his doctrine refuted, 591; his error respecting the mental faculties, 592; his theory of sensations, 593; his definition of ideas, 594; the systematic error of his system, 597; examined into, 598, 599; destruc- tion of the basis of his system, his discovery that our faculties are not innate or even connate, 600; merits of his works and style, his want of a true psychological method, 602. Consciousness, limitation of, 451. Continuity, law of, 405.
Cousin, Victor, 772. Cranioscopy, 755-759; difficulties be- setting, 760.
Cyrenaic school, the, 173. Cynic school, the, 177; effect created by the school in Athens, great qualities of its disciples, 181; causes of the want of respect felt for them, 182.
Dareste, Camille, his researches into the convolutions of the brain, 766. Darwin, Erasmus: birth, studies, profession, his poem of the Botanie Garden, his Zoonomia, his theory the same as Hartley's, his defini- tion of the word idea, 609; his conception of psychology, 610; his theory of vibrations, explanation of perception, 615; theory of beauty, 616.
Definitions, employment of, by Soc- rates, 153; importance of, in the Socratic method, 156; in what they consist, 253.
Democritus, the laughing philoso- pher birth, 94; character, station, career, anecdotes respecting, ob- scurity of his philosophy, difficulty of assigning him a position, 94; differences between him and other schools, nature of his doctrine and teaching, his identification of sensa- tion and thought, 95; his doctrine of reflection, 96; his hypothesis to explain perception, 98; his doctrine of atomism, 99; superiority of his system, 100.
Descartes, René: birth, parentage, precocity, studies, 435; travels, pursuits, 436; conceives the design of a reformation in philosophy, publication of his Discourse on Method, sensation produced by it, visit to Stockholm, death, 437 character, 438; causes which led him to the invention of his method, 439; logical imperfection of his Cogito, ergo Sum, 440; vital portion of his system, 441; psychological portion, 442; mathematical or de- ductive portion, 443; differences and resemblances between him and Bacon, nature and tendency of his method, 445; applications of his method, 446; weakness of his at- tempts to demonstrate the exist- ence of God, 447; physical specu- lations, 448; position, 450; his criterion examined, fallacy of his system, 451; fallacy of his notion
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