of this conflict, which is not a conflict between states but a conflict of human principles.

Only the Great Catholic Pacifist remains sincerely neutral in the depths of his political conscience, and in order to justify a policy so little humane is obliged to take refuge under another formula-that is to say, the Pope cannot erect himself judge between two belligerents who fling similar accusations against each other; God alone is judge of their actions.

THE LAW OF GUARANTIES

As to the second part of the interview, in which it is indicated that, as a result of the war, the relations between the Holy See and Italy may be modified, "La Voce " notes that the Pope admits having organized the forces of the Clerical party in the interest of the Holy See against Italian intervention in this conflict, the implication being that, despite the Law of Guaranties, the war would necessarily diminish the Pontiff's liberty and authority. By the Law of Guaranties the Italian Government gives to the Pope the inalienable guaranty of" the Apostolic buildings, the territory covered by the Vatican and Lateran with all the annexed buildings, gardens, and grounds," and also the papal villa at Castel Gandolfo. These properties cannot be taxed or appropriated to public use. Furthermore, the Government assigns to the Pope an annual and perpetual allowance of $645,000, which allowance the Popes, however, have never accepted. The Pope may also use the Government postal and telegraph service practically without expense. "La Voce" quotes the Pope as saying in the interview :

We have confidence in the present Government, but we fear that we may find ourselves exposed to the uncertainties of Italian public life. What will to-morrow bring forth? How would the people take a defeat? How will they comport themselves in case of victory? Every movement of this people, the most mobile on earth, reacts here, and to-day we feel ourselves less protected.

What would be the outcome of a defeat? inquires the Radical paper, and replies: "Possibly a republic." What would be the outcome of victory? Possibly a government increasingly democratic in character."

Who is to save the Papacy from these perils, asks "La Voce," against the uncertainties of a parliamentary régime and the possibility of future revolutionary movements? "La Voce;" simply beGermany, answers cause, as it asserts, " alone among the nations, before our war Germany formally inquired of

the Italian Government what would become of the Law of Guaranties in case of war." This may or may not be significant.

In America there has always been abundant and ready sympathy for Italian liberals in their fight with the old order of things. We believe in Cavour's motto, "A free Church in a free State." At the same time it is impossible to withhold a certain measure of pity for the Pope. Elevated to the supreme place in a hierarchy incrusted with inveterate tradition and jealous of its rights, "the prisoner of the Vatican" utters a pacifist plaint.

A NATIONAL JEWISH MILITARY UNIT

There are twenty thousand Jews in the armies of Great Britain. Fifty thousand are fighting for their German Fatherland. One hundred and seventy thousand are soldiers of Austria, and in the Russian ranks are three hundred and fifty thousand. Even in Servia -David among the nations-are twenty-five hundred Hebrew soldiers. After two thousand years Israel stands divided at Armageddon. Except for those who have made America their promised land, all the great divisions of the race are arrayed one against the other.

Everywhere these descendants of Maccabean warriors, of whom Agrippa, the Emperor, complained that they were "the only people who think it a disgrace to be servants of those to whom all the world hath submitted," are serving under Gentile officers and following a Gentile flag.

In only one instance has a great nation heeded the pride of a people and allowed its Jewish volunteers to fight as a national unit, commanded by Hebrew officers in the Hebrew tongue. After seventeen hundred and eighty-two years there is again the nucleus of a Jewish army, although but a mule transport corps, included in the British forces fighting at the Dardanelles.

Its history is romantic. It reads like a bit of Chronicles transplanted into the twentieth century, beginning with a reversal of the exodus from Egypt into Palestine. For these Jewish soldiers of Great Britain are young Zionist Colonists from Palestine driven into Egypt with their homeless families. Dispossessed because they preferred exile to Turkish citizenship with its concomitant religion, threatened with conscription into a holy" war (to them accursed), they fled into Jaffa, and were there transported by the United States cruiser Tennessee to Alexan

It may interest you to know that I have here, fighting under my orders, a purely Jewish unit. As far as I know, this is the first time in the Christian era such a thing has happened. The men who compose it were cruelly driven out of Jerusalem by the Turks, and arrived in Egypt with their families absolutely destitute and starving.

A complete transport corps was there raised from them for voluntary service with me against the Turks, whom they naturally detest. These troops were officially described as "Zion Mule Corps," and the officers and rank and file have shown great courage in taking water and supplies up to the fighting line under heavy fire. One of the private soldiers has been specially recommended by me for gallantry, and has duly received from the King the Distinguished Conduct Medal. (Signed) IAN HAMILTON.

COLLEGE NEWSPAPERS AND LIQUOR ADVERTISEMENTS

The ethical code of newspaper advertising has made a tremendous advance since the days when Addison's "Spectator" appeared in the motley company of clairvoyants, quack remedies, and other forms of commercialized buncombe. Most of this advance can be placed to the credit of the last two decades. A stepping-stone in the history of this reform is recorded in the action of an organization over which the editor of another "Spectator presides. The Associated College Newspaper Publishers, representing thirty-nine of the leading college newspapers of this country and Canada, have voted that henceforth all liquor advertising shall be barred from the columns of the newspapers within the Association. Expulsion from the organization will be the punishment for any newspaper that violates this rule. The Convention at

which this decision was made was recently held in the offices of the "Columbia Daily Spectator," at Columbia University, New York. Mr. Morris P. Schaefer, of Columbia, is President of the Association. That the action taken is representative of a widespread opinion is shown in the fact that the Association includes in its membership the newspapers of Harvard, Yale, Amherst, Brown, Dartmouth, Kansas, Colorado, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Michigan, Purdue, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Washington, Williams, and Wisconsin.

SANITARY RELIEF WORK
IN SERVIA

Dr. Richard P. Strong, the head of the important Sanitary and Bacteriological Commission sent out to Servia by the American Red Cross and the Rockefeller Foundation, cabled recently that with an additional $20,000 and his present equipment he would soon be able to complete the work of suppressing the typhus which only a few months ago threat ened the people of that country with extermination and was a very real danger to America itself. Ten thousand dollars was immediately cabled to him by the Red Cross, and an equal amount by the Rockefeller Foundation.

When this Commission reached Servia in May, it found the greater part of the noncombatant population in a most appalling state of destitution and disease, with a deathlist of several hundred each day, and new cases appearing in alarming numbers. It is estimated that fully one hundred thousand men, women, and children lost their lives from the typhus in the space of three months. Many of the foreign Red Cross doctors and nurses who had been working in the military hospitals were stricken with the disease, and four American doctors died from it. In view of such conditions, the achievements of Dr. Strong-and the International Health Board of English, French, Servian, and American physicians of which he was made Medical Director-are little short of miraculous in controlling the epidemic and establishing proper sanitary conditions in so short a space of time.

In the extracts from Dr. Strong's diary published in the August number of the "American Red Cross Magazine " he gives briefly some idea of the difficulties encountered, and an indication of the efficient methods which have been so successfully employed

in their solution. In referring to hospital conditions he says:

"I found conditions in a very alarming state.

The hospital had some two hundred and fifty typhus cases, and they were all badly neglected. The wards themselves were in a dreadful condition. There were no disinfectants, and no means of bathing the patients, and no clean clothes or bedding for them." And again: "Nish, May 26. This morning I had an important session with the International Health Board. I am glad to say that my transportable disinfecting and bathing plants have just been finished and will be sent to Skoplje to-morrow for use. It consists of one car which contains a boiler for generating steam, and a second car, formerly a refrigerating car, which is practically a huge autoclave, and into which the steam is turned for the disinfection of the clothes; a third car, in which there are fifteen. shower baths. The individuals are to have their hair clipped, to be bathed, and their clothes disinfected by steam while they are bathing. Their clothes will be ready for them to put on after their bath. Before they clothe themselves they are sprayed with petroleum. It is the idea also to vaccinate them immediately afterwards. Several thousand people can be bathed and disinfected in a day by this means, and the cars can be moved from city to city."

In addition to the task of eradicating the typhus and putting the country on a sanitary basis, there has been the need of measures to prevent an outbreak of cholera during the hot weather of the summer. To accomplish this large quantities of cholera vaccine were sent out by the American Red Cross. Dr. Strong gives an interesting description of the methods employed, as follows:

I reached here at 5:30 this morning, and after breakfast completed arrangements for the inoculation of the troops against cholera. At ten o'clock we began the inoculation, and continued until about 12:30. Everything went off smoothly and satisfactorily. The men took off their coats and removed from the arm the left sleeve of the undershirt. The arm is scrubbed with soap and water, and then another attendant paints a little tincture of iodine over the place where the inoculation is to be made. The men pass along in rows, and after they are inoculated another attendant paints the arm again with tincture of iodine. One man can inoculate about seventy-five patients in an hour.

AGRICULTURAL RELIEF
IN SERVIA

The ravages of disease, added to the devastation caused during the early months of the war by the Austrian troops, has made

the matter of relief work in Servia perhaps next in importance to that so efficiently carried on in Belgium by the Commission for Relief in Belgium, although in the case of Servia the lack of food has not been so serious a factor as in Belgium. In addition to the notable undertakings of the Sanitary Commission, and the units sent out by the American Red Cross to the military hospitals, much effort has been made to relieve the terrible distress of the women and children, driven from their homes by the invasion and crowded into the disease-infested cities. The Servian Agricultural Relief Committee of America, with its various branches, has as its special object the restoring of these women and children to their little home farms in the outlying districts, supplying them with clothing and the barest necessities of life, and furnishing them with seeds. and simple agricultural implements, with which to raise food. The Servian troops, although of course obliged constantly to protect their frontiers, have been able to assist in the agricultural work to a considerable extent. What is needed now, how

ever, is a serious and scientifically managed effort looking toward the agricultural rehabilitation of the devastated sections of

the country. With this purpose in view, the Agricultural Relief of Allies Committee, in England, has sent a special Agricultural Commissioner to inquire into the needs of the farming population, and to recommend and install systematic measures for rehabilitation. If a similar Commissioner could be sent from America also, he would undoubtedly render along reconstruction lines service equally efficient with that performed by Dr. Strong and his assistants along lines of sanitation.

Among other agencies in the United States engaged in relief work in Servia may be mentioned the Committee of Mercy, under whose auspices the "Automobile Squad" of Columbia College students, and others, went to Servia on June 26 to assist in the work of sanitary relief and distribution of supplies, and the Serbo-American National League, which has raised since the beginning of the war over $133,000, composed principally of contributions of small amounts from the Servians of America. This fund, which has been devoted principally to Red Cross work in Servia, represents very real sacrifice on the part of those who have contributed to it, as most of the Servians here are poor people, and the dollars they have given have in thousands of

cases covered the cost of actual necessities of life which have been cheerfully given up for the sake of their suffering countrymen and women. The greater number of Servians in this country, moreover, are those who have never lived in the Kingdom itself, but have come from the other side of the Danube, having come to America to escape the oppression of their Austrian rulers.

THE CHILDREN OF FRANCE

Where a town or village in France is to be defended, officers in command of the region order its evacuation, so that the helpless women and children may not suffer destruction. These poor women and children, however, are without men to protect them and do not know where to go. They start along the road and walk for days and nights looking for shelter. They furnish a pitiable spectacle.

The French Government has tried to do what it could for them. It has sent many children to the south of France, and wherever possible they are retained with their mothers. The Government gives to each woman having a brother, husband, or father in the army, who supports her, twenty cents a day, and to every child whose supporter has gone to the front ten cents a day. This, however, leaves wholly unprovided for the women who are alone and the children who have no father or male relative in the war.

As the Government is overwhelmed with war expenses, these unfortunates have had to be taken care of by charitable institutions or individuals. For instance, Miss Valentine Thomson, a daughter of the present French Minister of Commerce, has devoted herself to caring for the helpless women and children. She is looking after some thousands of them, and hopes to arrange to maintain as many as forty thousand at various places in the south of France. She is now at Bordeaux directing this work.

THE WORK AT YVETOT

A year ago the exigencies of war required the razing of all villages in the region of the Belfort fortifications in Alsace. When the population of the city of Belfort, say thirty thousand persons, and the populations of the outlying villages, were sent away, it was difficult to know what to do with the children, some of whom are orphans. Accordingly charitable Americans in Paris, headed by Mr.

The

Frederic R. Coudert, the well-known New York lawyer and publicist, came to the rescue. Mr. Coudert and his friend M. Cruppi, formerly the French Foreign Minister, went to Belfort, gathered the children together and brought them to an old seminary at Yvetot, between Havre and Rouen, where there were places for some four hundred beds. wife of the Sub-Prefect of that town, Madame Piettre, voluntecred to take charge of the children, and asked the inhabitants to contribute beds, which they did with a will, some of them taking mattresses from their own children to give to the Belfort children. The Government agreed to let the children have the building and also one or two school instructors. The people about furnished them with some clothing, although the children are still lacking in that respect. Money was raised to give food to the children. It costs from twelve to fifteen cents a day to feed each one.

The history of this colony has been inspiring. The children have gained in weight and they are happy and contented. Since the beginning of the war many of them have lost their fathers, but have not yet been informed of that fact. Some of the old men

in the village have already undertaken to teach the boys trades, and the older girls are rapidly learning housework. It is expected that some of the children who are completely bereft of support may remain at Yvetot in industrial schools which the SubPrefect and his wife hope to establish.

The charity of Americans abroad has brought the colony on thus far, but in order to carry it safely through until the end of the war American donations from this side of the water are necessary. Any funds may be sent to Mr. Coudert, at 2 Rector Street, New York City. Donations of clothing may be sent direct to Madame J. L. Piettre, Yvetot (Seine-Inférieure), France.

In addition to the children at Yvetot, Mr. Augustus F. Jacacci, the well-known art critic, and Mrs. Robert W. Bliss, the wife of the First Secretary of the American Embassy at Paris, have gathered together some twelve hundred French and Belgian children who were in distress and have placed them in institutions under the care of good nuns, where they are well looked after. But pro

vision has to be made for food for these children also, and all funds over the minimum required for the Alsatian children will be used for them.

CAN WE COMPROMISE?

Germany is evidently in a mood to recede from her former position regarding submarine warfare. The American Government has protested against the attacks by German submarines on merchantmen without provision for the safety of passengers and crews. It now appears that in response to these protests, and particularly in response to the intimation that the United States might take some action, Germany wishes to offer to the United States some "concessions." Wednesday of last week it was even announced that Germany had indicated her adherence to our declarations regarding submarine warfare "in principle," and her intention not to attack without warning passenger steamers.

On

The Ambassador stated in writing that the German answer to our Government's last Lusitania note contains the following:

Liners will not be sunk by our submarines without warning and without safety of the lives of non-combatants provided that the liners do not try to escape or offer resistance.

This is the most significant indication of the change in Germany's mood, from that of indifference concerning the world's opinion of her to an evident desire to win back the esteem of the peoples she has alienated.

The reasons for the change of mood on Germany's part may be surmised. Primarily it is due to the failure of the German submarine campaign. The torpedoing of helpless merchantmen, with the loss of noncombatant lives, has been dramatic, tragic, murderous; but it has not been successful. It has not seriously hurt English trade and it has stiffened English resistance. It has resulted in the loss of an unknown but large number of German submarines, and, what is more serious, of a large but unknown number of trained submarine officers and submarine crews. The submarines themselves can be more easily replaced than the men who understand the navigation of submarines and can endure the conditions of submarine warfare without loss of efficiency. And by her course Germany has alienated neutral nations. Americans need have no illusions as to any desire on the part of the German Government for American friendship for its own sake, in order to believe that Germany is wise enough not to wish to incur at this time the disadvantage that would come from any action on the part

of the United States Government in restricting further access to American resources and increasing the access to those resources on the part of Germany's enemies.

For these reasons the German Government is apparently seeking some way by which it can at least modify the policy that has been associated with Grand Admiral von Tirpitz. The report published the middle of last week, that the German Admiralty suggested that the submarine which destroyed the Arabic had possibly foundered, indicates that the German Government would not find unwelcome an opportunity to escape from its dilemma. It had already been hinted by Ambassador Bernstorff that the commander of the submarine which sunk the Arabic may have exceeded his instructions. If it should prove to be true that this submarine had been lost at sea, Germany could leave the case conveniently unexplained. In consequence of her so-called concessions, it is suggested that Germany will expect the United States to make strong representations to Great Britain against the British blockade of Germany. So far, it is not acknowledged that there will be an abandonment of illegal submarine attacks on those non-combatants who are in other than passenger ships.

This is the suggested form of compromise which Germany offers.

Ought America to offer compromise in return?

Emphatically, No.

As the New York "Tribune" well says: If Germany has now decided to forego her campaign of murder, it is no more a concession than would be the similar decision of a blackhand operator who, faced with the necessity of suffering the consequences of his crimes or of consenting to live under the law, elected to give up the bomb and the knife for his own comfort.

It is not to suit any purpose of the United States that Germany has yielded-if she has, in fact, as seems probable. It is not any right that she has surrendered. We shall owe her nothing because she consents to let our women and children live on the high seas. There is no favor here, no concession."

But Germany's crime is not merely that she has murdered Americans. Germany's crime on the high sea is that she has murdered non-combatants. If she is to abandon her criminal course, it is not enough that she assures us that she will no longer kill Americans. She must stop her whole policy of piracy. She must stop her lawless attacks on merchantmen, whether passenger steamers