Clement III., Roman, from 1187 to 1191. Celestine III., "L Gregory IX., of Anagni, from 1227 to 1241. Celestine IV., of Milan, 15 days in 1241. [Roman see vacant from October 8, 1241, to June 24, 1243.] Innocent IV., of Genoa, from 1243 to 1254. [The Catholic Almanac alone makes him begin in 1241.] Urban IV., French, from 1261 to 1264. Hadrian (= Adrian) V., of Genoa, a month in 1276. John XXI., Portuguese, from 1276 to 1277. [Appletons' Cyc. calls him "John XIX. or XX., or XXI.;" the Catholic Al manac, “John XXI. (XX.);” the "Guide of Rome,” “John XX. or XXI.”] Nicholas III., Roman, from 1277 to 1280. Martin IV., French, from 1281 to 1285. Honorius IV., Roman, from 1285 to 1287. Nicholas IV, of Ascoli in Papal States, from 1288 to 1292. [Roman see vacant 24 years.] Celestine V., Neapolitan, 5 months in 1294 (abdicated). Boniface VIII., of Anagni in Papal States, from 1294 to 1303. Benedict XI., of Treviso, from 1303 to 1304. [Papacy vacant 11 months.] Popes at Avignon, 1305-1376. of Popes. Avignon Roman line line. Clement V., French, from 1305 to 1314. [Papacy vacant 24 years.] John XXII., French, from 1316 to 1334. [Appletons' Cyc. and the Penny Cyc. have Nicholas V. as antipope in Pisan line. Alexander V., Cretan, from 1409 to 1410. John XXIII, Neapolitan, from 1410 to 1415 (deposed). [Of the popes 1378-1417, the Catholic Almanac gives the Roman line with their dates as above, only making Gregory's pontificate end in 1417; it acknowledges "40 years' disputed succession;" and simply names the popes of the other two lines above as "rival popes." The "Guide of Rome," the Penny Cyc., and Appletons' Cyc., give the popes of the Roman and Pisan lines in the order of their dates without discrimination, and mark Clement and Benedict as antipopes. "The World's Progress" gives the whole eight as popes. See pp. 131-2 above.! Martin V., Roman, from 1417 to 1431. [Clement VIII., antipope, 1423–1429. See p. 132 above.] [Felix V., antipope, 1439-1449. See p. 133.] "" 1458 to 1464. 1464 to 1471. 1471 to 1484. Innocent VIII., of Gnoa," 1484 to 1492. 66 Julius II., of Savona, from 1503 to 1513. Paul III. Roman, from 1534 to 1549. Julius III., "6 66 1550 to 1555. Pius II., Tuscan, Paul II., Venetian, Sixtus IV., of Savona, " Marcellus II., of Fano in Papal States, a month in 1555. 66 1559 to 1565. Pius IV., of Milan, "" Alexander VIII., Venetian, from 1689 to 1691. 66 1721 to 1724. " 1724 to 1730. 1730 to 1740. Innocent XIII., Roman, 1740 to 1758. 1758 to 1769. 1769 to 1774. "" " 66 1775 to 1799. 1800 to 1821. Leo XII., 1823 to 1829. 1829 to 1830. Pius VIII, Pius VI., Pius VII., " " " " ་ CHAPTER IV. THE POPE'S ALLOCUTIONS, BULLS, AND OTHER OFFICIAL An "allocution" (Latin allocutio = speech to) is a set speech or formal address made by the pope in his official capacity. An appendix to the pope's encyclical letter of December, 1864, cites 17" consistorial allocutions" of the present pope previous to that time, and gives their dates. These allocutions were addressed either to the college of cardinals or to a larger assembly of prelates in Rome or Gaëta. One or the most elaborate of these appears to be that addressed on the 9th of June, 1862, to a convocation, at which at least 245 bishops, archbishops, patriarchs, &c., of the Roman Catholic church were present. The convocation or council was summoned to attend the canonization of 27 Japanese martyrs. The canonization took place; but the allocution (which is called "Maxima quidem," from the Latin words with which it begins) dwelt much more on what were regarded as the lamentable evils of the present times than upon the martyrs. It was a politico-religious speech, not only deploring the pantheistic and rationalistic errors spread by the revolutionary spirit of the age against the authority of the Catholic church and the laws of God and man, but also mourning over the oppression exercised against the church in Italy and the war declared against the pope's temporal power (this was two years after the annexation of a large part of the States of the Church to the kingdom of Italy). The allocution specially condemns the ideas that "every man is free to embrace and profess the religion he shall believe true, guided by the light of reason,"— that "the ministers of the church and the Roman pontiff ought to be absolutely excluded from all charge and dominion over temporal affairs,"-that "the civil power is entitled to prevent ministers of religion and the faithful from communicating freely and mutually with the Roman pontiff," &c. The "venerable brethren," as the bishops are styled, are urged to redouble their zeal in combating and arresting the diffusion of these pestiferous errors. They are exhorted "to remove the faithful from the contagion of this plague; to turn their eyes. and their hands from the pernicious books and journals; to instruct them in the precepts of our august religion; to exhort and warn them to fly from these teachers of iniquity as from a serpent." They are exhorted "to take for mediatrix with God the Virgin Mary, who, full of pity and love for all men, has always annihilated heresies, and whose patronage with God has never been more opportune. Pray also," it continues, "for the suffrages of St. Joseph, the spouse of the very holy Virgin, of the apostles Peter and Paul, and of all the inhabitants of heaven, especially those whom we honor and venerate as inscribed in the records of sanctity." A papal "bull" is a letter, ordinance, or decree of the pope, generally written on parchment, with a leaden seal (bulla in Latin, whence the name) affixed. The seal bears on the ob verse the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul; on the reverse the name of the pope and the year of his pontificate. If the bull has respect to matters of justice, the seal is fixed by a hempen cord; if of grace, by a silken thread. Bulls are granted for the consecration of bishops, the promotion to benefices, the celebration of jubilees, &c. Bulls are said to be "fulminated," when they are published; and this publication is made by one of three commissioners, to whom they are usually addressed. The bulls issued by the popes were published at Luxemburg in 1727, &c., in 19 folio volumes. Of these the two most celebrated are those called "In cœna Domini," and "Unigenitus." The bull In cœna Domini (= at the supper of the Lord) is so named on account of its being read in Rome annually on the |