Its comparative Antiquity-Dates of its Foundation.-Romulus and his Succes-
sors; King, Senate, and People; Patricians and Clients.-The Roman Repub-
lic Consuls, Senate, and People; Tribunes; Twelve Tables; Patricians, Ple-
beians, and Knights; Popular Assemblies; Slaves; Soldiers and Wars; Tem-
ple of Janus; Invasions by the Gauls who burn Rome; Romans become mas-
ters of Italy; 3 Punic Wars, and Destruction of Carthage; Romans conquer
the known world; Internal Dissensions, Dictators, Insurrections, Social nad
Civil and Servile Wars, and Conspiracies; First Triumvirate, Julius Cesar,
Pompey, and Crassus; Cesar's Dictatorship and Death; Second Triumvirate,
Octavius (or Octavian), Antony, and Lepidus; End of the Roman Republic.
-Augustus and the other Roman Emperors; their Chronology and Succession.
-Varying Limits of Roman Territory.-Roman Religion; its Gods and Heathen
Institutions; 10 Persecutions of Christians; Christianity afterwards Dominant.
-Decline of the Empire; Luxury, Licentiousness, and Division; Rome burnt
by the Goths under Alaric; Other enemies, Huns, Vandals, and Heruli; End
of the Roman Empire of the West.-Kingdom of Italy under the Goths and
Lombards.-Rome and the exarchs of Ravenna.-Charlemagne and his succes-
sors. The Roman Senator.-The Popes as Temporal Princes from 1278 to
1870.-Rome again the Capital of Italy.-Its Situation and General Features;
its Climate, Hills, River, Ports, Bridges, Military Roads, Railroads, Walls,
Gates; Panorama of Rome.-Principal Churches; St. Peter's Basilica, with a
[ notice of the Chair of St. Peter; Basilicas of St. John Lateran, St. Mary Ma-
jor, St. Paul, San Lorenzo or St. Lawrence, Holy Cross in Jerusalem, St.
Agnes beyond the Walls; 11 other Churches Described.-Palaces: the Vatican,
with its Pauline and Sistine Chapels, Museum, Library, &c.; Quirinal; Lat-
eran; Capitol; Private Palaces; Palace of the Inquisition; Palazzo della Can-
celleria. - Villas. - Colleges.- Schools and Periodicals. - Hospitals.-Work-

house.-Squares.-Obelisks.-Fountains.-Aqueducts, modern and ancient.-
Castle of St. Angelo.-Antiquities: Tomb of Cecilia Metella; the Coliseum;
Circus of Romulus and Circus Maximus; Palace of the Cesars; Monte Tes-
taccio; Baths of Caracalla, of Diocletian, and of Titus; the Pantheon; Roman
Forum; Mamertine Prison; Arches of Titus and of Constantine; Trajan's
Column and Antonine Column; Pretorian Camp; Campus Martius; Catacombs
and Columbaria; Cloaca Maxima.-The Modern City: its Industry, Popula-
tion, Districts, Government and Condition under the Papal Rule.

CHAPTER II., -

CHAPTER III.,

GENERAL VIEW OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH OR SYSTEM.

The terms "Roman Catholic,” “Romanism,” “Romish,” “Papacy," &c.—Prot-
estant Analysis of the System, with Historical Memoranda of Church Rites,
Ceremonies, Practices, Doctrines, Titles, &c.-Cardinal Wiseman's Account of
the R. C. Church; its Government, Laws (including the Creed of Pope Pius
IV.), Constitutive Principle, and Extent of Dominion, with notes giving the
"Nicene Creed," the Tridentine Doctrines of Original Sin and Justification,
&c-The "Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary," as pronounced
and defined, Dec. 8, 1854.-Vatican Decree of July 18, 1870, establishing the
Primacy and Infallibility of the Pope.

90-118

- 119-164

THE POPES AND THEIR SOVEREIGNTY.

The titles "Pope,"
," "Roman Pontiff," "Holy See," &c.-The Pope's Spiritual
Sovereignty or Supremacy: Argument from Mat. 16:18, 19; Question about
Peter's being Bishop of the Church of Rome; Historical View of the
Pope's Spiritual Sovereignty.-History of the Pope's Temporal Authority:
Peter not a Sovereign; Privileges granted to the Clergy and Bishops by the
Roman Emperors; Political Importance of the Bishop of Rome from the 7th
century onward; Grants from Pepin and Charlemagne; "Isidorian Decretals ";
John XII. and the Troubles of the 10th century; Gregory VII. enforces the
Celibacy of the Clergy, destroys the Independence of the National Churches, and
humbles the Emperor Henry IV.; Donation of the Countess Matilda; The
Crusades and the Canon Law; Innocent III. forms a Papal State; Removal
to Avignon; Great Schism of the West; Deposition of Pope John XXIII.,
&c., by the Council of Constance; Decline of Power after Boniface VIII.;
Eugene IV. and the Council of Basle; the Papal State from Alexander VI.
to the present time.-Notices of some Popes: Alexander VI.; Julius II. ;
Leo X.; Pius VII.; Leo XII.; Pius VIII.; Gregory XVI.; Pius IX.-The
Pope's Private Life.-His Swiss Guards and State-carriage.-A Papal Proces-
sion.-Mass at the Pope's Chapel.-The Papal Government.-Occupation of
Rome by the Italians in 1870: Language of "The Catholic World"; Excom-
munication of the King of Italy, &c.; Address of New York Catholics to the
Pope, December, 1870; Resolutions and Address to the Government and People
of Italy, from the Meeting at the N. Y. Academy of Music, Jan. 13, 1871.—
Names and Chronology of the Popes.

CHAPTER IV., -

THE POPE'S ALLOCUTIONS, BULLS, AND OTHER OFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS.
"Allocution" defined; Allocution Maxima quidem, of June 9, 1862.-" Bull "
defined.-Bulls, In Cana Domini, Unigenitus, and Eternus ille.-"Brief"; Defi-
nition and Example.-" Encyclical Letter" defined; Encyclical Letter of Pope
Gregory XVI., May 8, 1844, and its bearings." Rescript"; Definition and
Example." Constitution" defined and exemplified.

CHAPTER V.,

CHAPTER VI.,

PAGE.

ECUMENICAL COUNCILS.

- 165-186

THE CARDINALS AND ROMAN COURT.

"Cardinal" defined; Development of the Office; Number, Rank, Salary, Dress,
and Mode of Appointment; Personal Appearance; List.-Secretary of State;
Antonelli described.-" Consistory" defined.-" Conclave" described." Pre-
lates" described.-" Congregations"; their origin, composition, and special
work.

187-201

202-253

"Ecumenical" and other Councils defined.-The Catholic Almanac's List of Ecu-
menical Councils.-Councils accepted by the Greeks, &c.-Notices of Ecumen-
ical Councils (I.) First of Nice, 325; (II.) First of Constantinople, 381; (III.)
of Ephesus, 431; (IV.) of Chalcedon, 451; (V.) Second of Constantinople,
553; (VI.) Third of Constantinople, 680; (VII.) Second of Nice, 787; (VIII.)
Fourth of Constantinople, 869; (IX.) First Lateran, 1123; (X.) Second Lat-
eran, 1139; (XI.) Third Lateran, 1179; (XII.) Fourth Lateran, 1215; (XIII.)
First of Lyons, 1245; (XIV.) Second of Lyons, 1274; (XV) of Vienne,
1311.-Council of Pisa, 1409, summoned by Cardinals to end the Great West-
ern Schism.-Council of Constance, 1414-18; its Deposition of Pope John
XXIII.; Election of Martin V.; Burning of John Huss and of Jerome of
Prague; Decrees respecting the Supremacy of the Council, &c.-Council of
Basle, 1431, &c.; its Contests with Pope Eugene IV.-Council at Ferrara and
Florence, 1438, &c., for Union with the Greek Church.-Fifth Lateran Council,
1512–17; its Sanction of Papal Supremacy.—Council of Trent, 1545-63; The
Catholic World's Synopsis of its Work; Notices by Hallam and Mosheim.—
Vatican Council, 1869-70; Bull of Convocation, 1868; Letters Apostolic to
the Eastern Churches and to Protestants, &c., with the Answer of American
Presbyterians; Syllabus of 1864; Protestant Anticipations of the Council;
Preparatory Committees; Apostolical Letter of Regulations, and Assembly of
Dec. 2d; Council-hall; Opening of the Council, Dec. 8th, from "The Catholic
World"; Committees chosen; Discussion on the 1st schema; 2d Public Ses-
sion, and Profession of Faith by the Pope and Members of the Council, Jan. 6,
1870; Additional Regulations; 3d Public Session, and Dogmatic Decree on

Catholic Faith, April 24th; Schema on the Little Catechism voted on, May 4th;
Discussion, Parties, and Vote on the Dogma of the Pope's Primacy and Infal-
libility; Address of the Minority, declining to attend the Promulgation of the
Dogma; 4th General Session, July 18th, and Promulgation of the Decrees and
Canons respecting the Pope's Primacy and Infallibility, as described in "The
Catholic World" and "The New York Tribune"; The Tribune's Synopsis of
the Council's Work; Adjournment and Indefinite Suspension of the Council.

CHAPTER VII.,

THE CLERGY.

254-282

"Priest"; Different Meanings; Protestant and R. C. Views.-Sacrament of Or-
ders, from the Catechism of the Council of Trent: 7 Orders, viz., Tonsure, Por-
ter, Reader or Lector, Exorcist, Acolyte, Subdeacon, Deacon, Priest; Degrees
of the Priesthood, viz., Priest simply, Bishop or Pontiff, Archbishop, Patri-
arch, Sovereign Pontiff.-Clerical Dress: its Various Articles alphabetically
described, with their Emblematic Significations; Different Colors for Different
Days; Bishop's Dress; Dress of Minor Orders; Materials and Cost.-Ecclesi-
astical Education and Seminaries; Decrees, Course, &c.; Dr. Mattison on R. C.
Clergy in the United States.-Celibacy, except among the Oriental priests;
cases of St. Peter and St. Patrick.-Beneficed Priests, Professors, and Bishops
take Oath of Conformity and Obedience.-Priests assignable and removable by
the Bishop.-Co-pastors not allowed.-Bishops; how nominated and appointed
in the United States; Consecration of 3 Bishops in New York, Oct. 30, 1853;
Bishop's Oath.-Statistics of Priests, Ecclesiastical Seminaries and Students by
Dioceses in the United States, 1870 and 1871; Present Number in the Country.
-Names of Archbishops, Bishops, and Vicars Apostolic in the United States,
1870-1.-Bishops and Priests in the World; Number and Efficiency.

RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND CONGREGATIONS.

Early History of Monasticism: Paul of Thebes, Anthony, and Simeon the Stylite;
Pachomius, Basil and the Basilians (at Cleveland, O.); Development down to
St. Benedict.-Historical, Characteristic, and Statistical Descriptions of the Re-
ligious Orders and Congregations, especially of those in the United States, in-
cluding their Names and Sorts, Rules, Habits, Divisions, Establishments, Dis-
tinguished Members, &c.-I. MONKS proper. Basilians (see above). Benedic-
tine Monks and Nuns. Trappists.-II. CANONS. Augustinian Canons. Pre-
monstrants.-III. FRIARS, or Mendicant Orders. Franciscans; Conventuals,
Observants, Recollects, Monks, Nuns, Pius IX. and other Tertiarians, &c.
Capuchins. Dominicans, Monks, Nuns, Tertiarians, Inquisitors, &c. Carmel-
ites, "Calced," and "Discalced," Monks, Nuns, Tertiarians, &c. Augustinian
Eremites. Servites. "Sisters of Charity of the Order of St. Augustine."
Sisters of Mercy. Visitation Nuns. Ursuline Nuns. Alexian Brothers.—IV.
REGULAR CLERKS. Jesuits (see Chap. IX.).—Order of St. Viateur.-V. CON-

GREGATIONS. Oratorians: Italian and English; French. Passionists. Laz-

arists. Sisters of Charity, and their Mother-Houses at Emmettsburg, Yonkers,

and Madison; "Sisters of Charity, commonly called Gray Nuns"; "Sisters

of Charity, commonly called Sisters of Providence"; "Sisters of Charity of

the B. V. M."; "Sisters of Charity of Nazareth." Sulpicians. Redemptorists.

Paulists. Oblate Fathers. "6

"Fathers of the Society of Mary."

Society of

the Fathers of Mercy." "Brethren of the Christian Schools," and "Christian

Brothers." "Brothers of the Christian Instruction of the Sacred Heart of Jesus

and Mary," and "Brothers of Christian Instruction." "Congregation of the

Holy Cross." Xavierian Brothers. "Brothers of the Sacred Heart." "Chris-

tian Brothers of the Society of Mary." "Congregation of the Most Precious

Blood." 'Ladies of the Sacred Heart." "Sisters of St. Joseph." "Sisters

of the Congregation of our Lady," or "of Notre Dame," and "School-Sisters of

Notre Dame." Sisters of Loretto." "Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and

Mary." "Sisters of St. Ann." "Community of the Poor Handmaids of Jesus

Christ." "Sisters of our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd," and "3d

Order of St. Teresa." 66

'Little Sisters of the Poor." Sister-Servants of the

Immaculate Heart of Mary," and "Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart

of Mary." "Sisters of the Humility of Mary."

"Sisters of St. Mary."

"6

Daughters of the Cross." "Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus." "Sisters of

the Incarnate Word." "Oblate Sisters of Providence." "Sisters of the Holy

Family." "Sisters of Providence." "St. Agnes Community." "Sœurs Hos-

pitalières." Presentation Convents."-Statistics of Religious Orders and Con-

gregations in the United States and in the World.-Extinct Orders.-Present

Monastic Constitution.-Terms Defined.—Suppression of Monasteries and Mo-

nastic Orders in Various European Countries.-Detention of Persons in Con-

vents, and Proposals for Legislation.-Dr. De Sanctis on the 3 Classes of Per-

sons who become Nuns, and on the Character and Health of Roman Convents.

-Leo XII. compels a Nun to see her Mother.-Edith O'Gorman, &c.—Hull

Convent Trial.-Rev. Dr. Bonar's Lines, "This is no heaven!"-Reformatory

Decree of the Council of Trent.-Bp. Ricci's and Pius IX.'s Attempts at Re-

form.-Regulations of Plenary Council of Baltimore.-Form for the Benedic-

tion and Consecration of Virgins.-Ceremony of Reception, among the Sisters

of Mercy.

"

CHAPTER IX., ·

THE JESUITS.

Their Founder, Ignatius Loyola.-Origin, Objects, and Constitutions.-Mosheim
on their Influence.-History and Suppression in France and other European
Countries. Character by Hallam, Penny Cyclopedia, and De Sanctis.-Number
at different times.-History and Generals since 1814.-Jesuits in the United
States: Early Efforts; Statistics in 1860 and 1870.

348-360

CHAPTER X.,

MISSIONARY OPERATIONS AND SOCIETIES.

Early Christian Missionaries.-New Impulse of the 13th Century. Columbus,

- 361-373