And then he adds, For if we should judge our selues, we should not be judged. If we would judge our selves; whether this be meant of the publick censures of the church, or our private censuring of our selves in order to our future amendment and reformation, is not certain. Tillotson, vol. i. Ser. 25.

It is impossible for human purity not to betray to an eye, thus sharpened by malignity, some stains, which lay concealed and unregarded, while none thought it their interest to discover them; nor can the most circumspect attention, or steady rectitude, escape blame from censors, who have no inclination to approve.-Rambler, No. 172.

While this censorial power [of the press] is maintained, to speak in the words of a most ingenious foreigner, both minister and magistrate is compelled, in almost every instance, to choose between his duty and his reputation. Junius. Preface to Letters.

Of temper as envenom'd as an asp,
Censorious, and her ev'ry word a wasp;
In faithful mem'ry she records the crimes
Or real, or fictitious, of the times.

Cowper. Truth,

Of this delicacy Horace is the best master. He appears in good humour while he censures; and therefore his censure has the more weight as supposed to proceed from judgment, not from passion. Young. Love of Fame, Pref.

There is no kind of impertinence more justly censurable, than his who is always labouring to level his thoughts to

intellects higher than his own; who apologizes for every think unusual; keeps the exuberance of his faculties under visible restraint; is solicitous to anticipate enquiries by needless explanations; and endeavours to shade his own abilities, lest weak eyes should be dazzled with their lustre. Rambler, No. 173.

word which own narrowness of converse inclines him

CENTAUR, n. The Centaurs, says Vossius,
CENTAURY.
were certain inhabitants of

}

Thessaly, the first people who were carried by Bulls; and because they were accustomed to goad the bulls, κεντειν ταύρους, they had their name thence. Palæphatus says that these Thessalians pursued on horseback certain wild bulls, and threw their spears or javelins at them; which gives the same etymology, though a different reason for it.

He, as if centaur-like he had been one piece with the horse, was no more moved than one is with the going of his own legs; and in effect so did he command him as his own limbs. Sidney. Arcadia, b. ii.

The greater centaurie is that famous hearb, wherewith Chiron, the centaure, (as the report goeth,) was cured, at what time as having entertained Hercules in his cabin, hee would needs be handling and tempering with the weapons of his said guest, so long untill one of the arrows light upon his foot and wounded him dangerously.

CENTENARY, n.
CENTENNIAL.
CENTILOQUY.

Holland. Plinic, b. xxv. c. 6.

Fr. Centenaire; It. Centenario; Sp. Centenar; Lat. Centenarius,

from Centum, a hundred; Gr. 'Εκατον, from Έκας, procul; quasi dicas remotissimum calculum in numerando, (the farthest or last stone in calculating,) et inde eximie Centum, (Lennep.)

Whom lest some watchful centinell should spie,
And him into the garrison disclose,
His cowle about him carefully doth tie,

Creepes to the gate and closely thereat beate,
As one that entrance gladly would intreate.

Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 543.

Having set our centinels, I received a letter from Col. Norton, desiring me to send some horse to his assistance against some of the King's forces; which as I was reading, one of my centinels brought me word, that the enemy appeared at the town's end.-Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. i. p. 119.

At two places, the one at our first setting out on this expedition, and the other at the end of it, we saw a horseman set, as we supposed, as a centinel, to watch us.

Dampier. Voyages, vol. i. c. 9.

Yet there is a certain race of men that either imagine it their duty, or make it their amusement, to hinder the reception of every work of learning, or genius; who stand as centinels in the avenues of fame, and value themselves upon giving ignorance and envy the first notice of a prey. Rambler, No. 3.

At the same time four or five of the natives stepped forward to see what we were about, and as we did not allow them to come within certain limits, unless to pass along the beach, the centry ordered them back, which they readily complied with. Cook. Voyage, vol. iv. c. 5.

Our requests for future, and even our acknowledgments
of past mercies, centre purely in ourselves, our own interest
is the direct aim of them. But praise is a generous and
unmercenary principle. Atterbury, vol. i. Ser. 1.

If God would cause a body to move free in the æther
round about a certain fixed centre, without any other crea-
ture acting upon it; I say, it could not be done without a
miracle, since it cannot be explained by the nature of bodies.
Clarke. Mr. Leibnitz's Third Paper.
I pass cerulian gulphs, and now behold
New solid globes their weight, self-balanc'd, bear,
And all, around the central sun in circling eddies roll'd.
Hughes. The Ecstacy.

First Ptolemy his scheme celestial wrought,
And of machines a wild provision brought.
Orbs centric and excentrick he prepares,
Cycles and epicycles, solid spheres,

In order plac'd. Blackmore. Creation, b. ii.

A real circular motion, for example, is always accompa

CENTO. Gr. Κεντρων, originally a needle,
and in a secondary sense a garment of patchwork, nied with a centrifugal force, arising from the tendency which

(sewed together by needles;) hence the word is
(met.) applied to a poem composed of verses or
parts of verses taken and put together from other
authors.

A cento primarily signifies a cloak made of patches. In
poetry it denotes a work wholly composed of verses promis-
cuously taken from other authors: only disposed in a new
form or order, so as to compose a new work and a new

meaning. Cambridge. Scribleriad, Note 13.

From different nations next the centos crowd;
With borrow'd, patch't, and motley ensigns proud.
Not for the fame of warlike deeds they toil;
But their sole end the plunder and the spoil. Id. Ib. b. ii.

tending towards the centre.

His tables Toletanes forth he brought
Ful wel corrected,

As ben his centres, and his argumentes,
And his proportional convenientes
For his equations in every thing.

Chaucer, The Frankeleine's Tale, v. 11,589.

We heare the law truely preached, how we ought to do whatsoeuer God biddeth, and absteine from whatsoeuer God

Centiloquy, from Centum, and loqui, to speak, to forbideth, with all loue and mekenes, with a feruent and

discourse. And see CENTURION.

A hundred; a hundredth.

If we should allow but one inch of decrease in the growth of men for every centenary, (and lesse cannot well bee imagined,) there would at this present be abated almost fiue foot in their ordinary stature, which notwithstanding was held the competent height of man above sixteen hundred yeares since, and so still continues.-Hakewill. Apologie, p. 49.

Ptolomeus, in his centiloquie, Hermes or whosoever else the author of that tract, attributes all these symptomes, which are in melancholy men, to celestiall influencies.

Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 100.

To her alone I rais'd my strain,
On her centennial day,
Fearless that age should chill the vein

She nourish'd with her ray. -Mason. Palinodia, Ode 10.

a burnyng lust from the center. Tyndall. Workes, p.382.

Yet strange it was, so many stars to see
Without a sun, to give their tapers light:
Yet strange it was not that it so should be:
For where the sun centres himself by right,
Her [Mercy] face, and locks did flame.

G. Fletcher. Christ's Victory in Heaven.

a body always has to proceed in a right line.
Maclaurin. Philosophical Discoveries of Newton, b. ii. c. 1.

Though the gravity of bodies really arises from their gra-
vitation towards the several parts of the earth, (as will appear
afterwards,) yet because this power acts around in all parts,
and its direction is nearly towards the centre of the earth,
it is therefore called a centripetal force. Id. Ib.

One rule remains. Nor shun nor court the great,
Your truest centre is that middle state
From whence with ease th' observing eye may go-
To all which soars above, or sinks below.

Whitehead. A Charge to the Poets,

Father-Creator! who beholds thy works,
But catches inspiration? Thou the earth
On nothing hung, and balanc'd in the void
With a magnetic force, and central poise.

Thompson. Sickness, b. v

Lat. Centuplex, centu-plicatus, from Centum, (see CENTENARY,) a hundred,

To fold a hundred times; to repeat a hundred times.

Jac. If the contagion

Of my misfortunes had not spread itself
Upon my son, Ascanio, though my wants
Were centupl'd upon myself, I could be patient.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Spanish Curate, Act i. sc. 2.
I wish his strength were centuple, his skill equal time
To my experience, that in his fall
He may not shame my victory!

Massinger. The Unnatural Combat, Act i. sc. 1.

I perform'd the civilities you enioyn'd me to your friends
here, who return you the like centuplicated, and so doth, &c.
Howell, b. iv. Let. 2.
CENTURION, n. Fr. Centénier, centurie;
It. Centurione, centuria;

CE/NTURY.

Sp. Centurion, centuria; Lat. Centurio.
So called from the number of soldiers, (centum,

Whereby we are well furnish'd with an answer to a further a hundred,) over which he was appointed. North

objection, that would insinuate that this emanation or efflux
of the secondary substance from the central is creation pro-
perly so called, which is deemed incompetible to any crea-
ture.-H. More. Antidote against Atheism, App. c. 3.

The sea cannot o're swell

Its just precincts; or rocky shores repell
Its foming force; or else its inward life
And centrall rains do fairly it compell
Within itself, and gently 'pease the strife.

More. On the Soul, pt. i. b. ii. s. 3.

Now if there be but one centrality
Of th' universall soul which doth invade

All humble shapes; how come these contradictions made.
Id. Ib. pt. iv. s. 15.

Sith all forms in our soul be counite

And centrally lie there. Id. Ib. pt. iii. c. 2. s. 33.

What needs that numerous clos'd centration,

Like wastefull sand ytost with boisterous inundation?

uses centener from the French.

A century is a hundred of years, of men, of any thing. See CENTENARY,

Centuriator and centurist were names given to historians, who arranged their narratives into periods of centuries, or a hundred years.

And the centurion answeride, and seide to him, Lord, I am not worthi that thou entre undir my roof, but oonly sey thou bi word, and my child schal be heelid.

Wiclif. Matthew, c. 8.

I proceed now (as I promised) to shew, that there were such places, as I have described, appointed and set apart among Christians for their religious assemblies, and solemn addresse unto the divine majestie, through every one of the first three centuries particularly; and that therefore they assembled not promiscuously and at hap hazard, but in appropriate places, unless necessity sometimes forced them to

Id. Ib. pt. ii. b. iii. c. 2. s. 8. doe otherwise. -Mede. Works, b. ii. Dis. 1

deer in some sort

コ

And when

In the head of man, saith he, Willis), the base of the
With wild-wood leaues and weeds, I ha' strew'd his grave, brain, and cerebell, yea of the whole skull, is set parallel to
And on it said a century of prayers
(Such as I can) twice o're, I'le weepe and sighe.

Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act iv. sc. 2.
A centery send forth,
Search euery acre, in the high-growne field,
And bring him to our eye.

Id. Leur, Act iv. sc. 4.

The poet of whose works I have undertaken the revision,

may now begin to assume the dignity of an ancient, and claim the privilege of established fame and prescriptive veneration. He has long outlived his century, the term commonly fixed as the test of literary merit.

Johnson. Preface to Shakespeare.

CEPHALICK. From Gr. Κεφαλη, the head. Fr. Céphalique, "good for the head; curing a diseased head; of or belonging to the head," (Cotgrave.)

That with which he cured himself [of phthissical consumption] and afterwards the generality of his chief patients, was principally sulphur melted and mingled in a certain proportion to make it fit to be taken, in a pipe, with beaten amber or a cephalick herb.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 189.

- He the salubrious leaf

Of cordial sage, the purple-flowering head

Of fragrant lavender, enlivening mint,

Valerian's fetid smell, endows benign

With their cephalic virtues. Dodsley. Agriculture, с. 3.

CERE, v.

CE/REOUS.

CERE-CLOTH.

CE/REMENT.

}

Lat. Cera, wax; Gr. Κηρος, of uncertain etymology.

To cere is to wax, to smear or cover with wax.

Cere-cloth, also written Sear-cloth. In A. S. Sare-cloth, is "a sore cloth, a cloth to wind or bind up a sore;" and Ser-cloth, is, “ceratum, a Sear-cloth," (Somner.) Lye thinks the former is the original word. Skinner gives both without deciding in favour of either. The Dutch call a Sear-cloth, Een wasche kleed, a wax cloth. Junius calls it medicamentum, consisting of oils, gums, and liquid mixed with war. The Fr. Cerot; (Gr. Κηρωτον; Lat. Ceratum,) Cotgrave calls "a Searcloth or plaister made of wax, gum or other cleaving simples." By cerements, Heath understandsthe wazed winding sheet, in which the corpse was inclosed, and sown up in order to preserve it.

Then was the bodye bowelled, embawmed, and cered, and secretly amongest other stuffe conueyed to Newcastell. Hall. Hen. VIII. an. 5.

And with that, out of his bosom he took a bag of a cerecloth with writings therein. Wyatt. To the King, 7 Jan:1540. At night he [the bee] stores up his dayes gatherings, and what is worth his observation goes into his cereous tables, and what is not passes away at supper for table-talke.

Gayton. Festivous Notes upon Don Quixote, b. ii. c. 5.
Is 't like that lead containes her? 'twere damnation
To thinke so base a thought, it were too grose
To rib her seare-cloath in the obscure grave.

Shakespeare. Merchant of Venice, Act ii. sc. 7.

The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linnen, besmeared with gums, in manner of sear-cloth.-Bacon. Natural History, s. 771.

O answer me,

Let me not burst in ignorance; but tell
Why thy canoniz'd bones, hearsed in death,
Have burst their cerments. Shakesp Hamlet, Act i. sc. 4.

The body of the Marquess of Dorset seemed sound and handsomely cere clothed, that after 78 years was found uncorrupted. Brown. Urne-Burial.

the horizon; by which meanes there is the less danger of
the two brains jogling, or slipping out of their place.

CE/REMONY.
CEREMONIAL.
CEREMONIAL, N.
CEREMONIALLY.

Derham. Physico-Theology, b. vi. c. 2.

Fr. Cérémonie; It. Cere-
monia; Sp. Ceremonia;
Lat. Cærimonia, ritus sanc-
tus. Of the various ety-

CEREMONIALNESS. mologies, which Vossius
CEREMONIOUS.
repeats, he thinks that of
CEREMONIOUSLY. Scaliger, though not free
from doubt, the most probable. Scaliger supposes
the word to be so called from the ancient Cerus, that
is, Sanctus; unde in Saliari carmine, cerus manus,
i. e. sanctus bonusque. See also in Martinius
cerus, and ceremonia. Ceremony is now applied to-
A regular, orderly, fixed or settled form or man-
ner of doing any thing; -in religious and sacred
rites or observances; in social or civil intercourse.
itself.
Also to the religious, sacred, rite or observance

" I never stood on ceremonies," in Shakespeare's
Julius Cæsar, is explained by Mr. Steevens “ I
never paid a ceremonious or superstitious regard to
prodigies or omens."
i. e. ceremoniously, (sc.) with Cæsar's trophies.

"Decked with ceremonies,"

Right so this god of loves hypocrite
Doth so his ceremonies and obeisance

The very river itself [Eulæus] is in much request, and the water thereof ceremoniously regarded: in such wise, as the kings drink of no other, and therefore they fetch it a great way into the countrey.-Holland. Plinie, b. vi. c. 27.

Nay, and the Heathens (many of them at least) when they were to sacrifice to their greatest, and most reverend deities, used, on the evening before, have a certain preparative

rite or ceremony called by them Cæna pura, that is, a supper, consisting of some peculiar meats, in which they imagined a kind of holiness; and, by eating of which they thought themselves sanctified, and fitted to officiate about the mysteries of the ensuing festival.-South, vol. ii. Ser. 8.

I remember no other points of the ceremonial, that seem to have been established by the course of this assembly, unwould dine with no ambassador till the peace was concluded. less it was one particular to ourselves, who declared that we

Sir W. Temple. Mem. from 1672 to 1679.

After this great work of reconciling the kingdom was done

most ceremoniously in the Parliament, in December did another prelate, Bishop Gardner, the great Lord Chancellor

of England, ascend the pulpit at Saint Paul's, and there made

a sermon of the happy reconciliation of the kingdom.

Strype. Memoirs. Q. Mary, an. 1554.

All have free access to him, and speak to him whenever they see him, without the least ceremony: such is the easy freedom, which every individual of this happy isle enjoys. Cook. Voyage, vol. iv. c. 13.

The next year saw me advanced to the trust and power of adjusting the ceremonial of an assembly. All received their partners from my hand, and to me every stranger applied for introduction.-Rambler, No. 109.

CERRIAL. Lat. Cerrus; Fr. Cerre. The unprofitable wild oake, tearmed the Holme Oake, Chaucer. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,829. (Cotgrave.) Of unknown etymology. Martinius

And keepeth in semblaunt alle his observance
That souneth unto gentillesse of love.

And I asked him, why therefore haue you not the crosse with the image of Jesus Christ thereupon: and he answered: we haue no such custome. Whereupon I coniectured that they were indeede Christians: but for lacke of instruction they omitted the foresayde ceremonie.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. 114.

But then by what law I pray you, are they excluded? are

they excluded by the olde ceremonial lawe of Moses? No
not so, but by a newe lawe, suche as nothyng else requireth,
but a lyuyng fayth in the sonne of God. Udal. Rom. c. 3.

What man is there so much vnreasonable,
If you had pleas'd to haue defended it
With any termes of zeale wanted the modestie,
To urge the thing held as a ceremonie.

Id. Merchant of Venice, Act v. sc. 1.

It seems swearing of fealty was with the Scots but a ceremony without substance, as good as nothing; for this is now the third time they swore fealty to King Edward: yet all did not serve to make them loyal.-Baker. Edw. I. an. 1283.

What is it here below that makes the Church one? One Lord, one Faith, one Baptisme. One Lord, so it is one in the head; one Faith, so it is one in the heart; one Baptisme, so it is one in the face; where these are truly professed to be, though there may be differēces of administratiōs and ceremonics; though there may be differēces in opinions, yet there is Columba una; all those are but diversly coloured feathers of the same dove.

Bp. Hall. Ser. The Beautie &c. of the Church.

Not to use ceremonies at all, is to teach others not to use them again; and so diminish respect to himself: especially, they are not to be omitted to strangers and formal natures. But the dwelling upon them, and exalting them above the moon, is not only tedious, but doth diminish the faith and credit of him that speaks.

Bacon. Ess. Of Ceremonies and Respects.

But upon giving the apparatus of the ceremonial, he [Moses] was called up within the cloud, Ex. xxiv. 18, to signify that this law was intended to be a mystery unto the people. Grew. Cosmo. Sacra, b. iv. c. 8.

CEREA'LIOUS. Lat. Cerealis, from Ceres; which Vossius thinks is from the ancient Cereo, which seems to be differing from what either the priests had quod creo, significabat. Quasi frugum creatriz, in the temple, in respect of persons clean or unclean cere the Creator of the fruits of that frugum creatrimonially, or over one another; or from courts of judicature

Then again, there was their synagogical government,

others, think-a gerendo; g changed into c.

Of or pertaining to corn.

The Greek word Spermata, generally expressing Seeds, may signifie any edulious or cerealious grains.

Brown. Miscellaneous Tracts, vol. i. p. 16. CEREBEL, n. Lat. Cerebellum, from the Gr. Kapa, caput, the head; Fr. Cérébelle.

in their gates. Goodwin. Works, vol. iv. pt. iv. p. 168.

The two sacraments of the Circumcision and the Passover, had assuredly, besides the ceremonialness annexed to them, the institution of typifying Christ to come. Id. Ib. p. 166.

As the oath itself, when he [Eumenes] came to take it, he made show of dislike, in that it was not solemn enough for such personages as they were, who could not be too ceremonious in testifying their allegiance.

Ralegh. History of the World, b. iv. c. 3. s. 17.

asks,- An a duritie, κερας, cornu?
A coroune of a grene oke cerial

Upon hire hed was set ful fayre and mete.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 2292,

I sie come first of all in their clokes white,
A company that ware for their delite
Chapelets fresh of okes serrial,
Newly sprong.

Id. The Flower and the Leaf.

Before the rest,

The trumpets issued, in white mantles dress'd:
A numerous troop, and all their heads around

With chaplets green of cerrial oak were crown'd.

Dryden. 16.

Fr. Certain; It. Certo;

Sp. Cierto, from the Lat. Cretus, past part. of Cernere; Gr. Κριν-ειν, to separate, to distinguish, to decide. Certum propriè

idem sit, quod decretum ac proinde firmum, (Vossius.) See ASCERTAIN.

Fixed firmly, steadily; within clear and precise limits; secure or securely settled or established; sure or assured; determined or decided; placed beyond all doubt or dispute, all question or denial. Bytuene thys tueye kynges was a certeyn fourme ydo. R. Gloucester, p. 309. My brothr delyuer thou me, my neuow thou me grante, & holde thi certeynte, & salle hold couenante. R. Brunne, p. 69.

And britheren, I my silf am certeyn of ghou, that also ghe ben ful of loue. Wiclif. Romaynes, c. 20.

Therfore moost certeynli wite al the hous of Israel, that God made hym both Lord and Crist, this Ihesu whom ghe crucifieden. Id. Dedis, c. 2.

But wite ye this, that if the housbondeman wiste in what our the theef were to come, certis he wolde wake and suffre not his hous to be undirmyned. Id. Matthew, c. 24.

This Nicholas answered; fetch me a drinke,
And after wol I speke in privetee

Of certain thing that toucheth thee and mee.
I wol tell it non other man certain.

Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 3492.

Strype. Records, No. 5. Sir R. Jernegan to the Cardinal. Finally he teacheth vs here, yt the tradycion of the fathers, and the common obseruance and custome of the Catholike Churche, is for the certification of a trouth a sure vndoubted authoritie. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 801.

And thus as if he had beene wroth, he said to one of his clerkes, fetch hither quicklie, the certification that came to me from Shrewesbury vnder the bailiffes seale, witnessing the errors and heresies, which this losell [Thorpe] hath venimouslie sowne there. Fox. Martyrs. Hen. IV.

He censures, and in censuring seems to hope it will be an ill omen, that they who build Jarusalem divide their tongues and hands. But his hope fail'd him with his example; for that there were divisions both of tongues and hands at the building of Jarusalem, the story would have certify'd him; and yet the work prosper'd.

Milton. Answer to Eikon Basilike.

Hereupon Periander commanded Georgius presently to
arise to apprehend them and lay them up fast in close
prison, where no person might have accesse unto them, or
certifie that Arion was alive and safe.
Holland. Plutarch, p. 282.

About Playsance, is a towne situate vpon the hill named
Velleiacum, wherein six men brought a certificate that they
had liued one hundred and ten yeares apiece.
Hakewill. Apologie, p. 163.

R. Brunne, p. 259.

This was certified, and sikere on ilk side. Id. p. 249.

And whan I was certified of your name, the lenger I loked in you the more I you goodlie dradde.

Chaucer. The Testament of Loue, b. i.

That thou with vs be not wroth,
Though we suche thyng, as is the loth

Upon our trouth certifie. Gower. Con. A. b. ii.

The said secretary [Cromwell] certified him, [Pole,] that in case his learning and judgment did not stretch to the satisfying of the king's mind and desire, that then his return hither to his own country would be to the king's pleasure, and to his comfort and profit of his friends.

1

Strype. Memoirs. Hen. VIII. an. 1535.

When the strangers go away, their Peuns desire them to give them their names in writing, with a certificate of their honest and diligent serving 'em; and these they show to the next comers, to get into business; some being able to produce a large scrowl of such certificates.

Incontynent he sent messengers to Kyng Edwarde, recommendyng him to his grace with all his hert, councellyng hym to come thyther and to passe the see, certifyenge him, how the Flemmynges greatly desyred to se hym.

Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, c. 32.

She wrote letters and sent messangers to the Frenche Kynge, desyringe him not to consente that the bastarde of Spaygne shulde make her any maner of warre, seyng, that her resorte was to the court of Fraunce, certifyeng him that moche yuell might ensue, and many inconuenyentes fall thereby. Id. Ib. c. 239,

B. Jonson. Every Man in his Humour, Activ. sc. 8.

Others make pesies of her cheeks,
Where red and whitest colours mix;
In which the lily and the rose
For Indian lake and ceruse goes.-Hudibras, pt. ii. c. 1.

Junius thinks is a-kin to Bar. Lat.
Saisire, to seize upon. It is pro-
bably no other than Sess or Assess;

from the It. Assessare, to impose a tax, (assesso,)
which never is imposed unless by an assize (nisi ab
assessu) of men appointed for that purpose. See
ASSESS. See the two first quotations.

A subsidy we call that which is imposed upon every man,
being cessed by the pole, man by man, according to the va-
luation of their goods and lands.-Camden. Eliz. an. 1563.

Eudox. But what is that which you call cesse? It is a word sure unusual among us here, therefore, (I pray you) expound the same.

Fr. Cérusse, céruse; It. CeCE/RUSED. rusa; Lat. Cerussa, a kind of paint or ointment, which females laid upon their faces to produce fairness. The name seems to denote that it had some similarity to wax, (Vossius.)

The preparation commonly called white lead, also bears the name of ceruse.

Ther n'as quicksilver, litarge, ne brimston,

Boras, ceruse, ne oile of tartre non.

Iren. Cesse is none other than that which yourselfe called imposition, but it is in a kind unacquainted perhaps unto you. --Spenser. View of the State of Ireland, p. 227.

To count the particular faults of private men, should be a worke too infinite; yet some there be of that nature, that though they be in private men, yet their evill reacheth to a generall hurt, as the extortion of sheriffs, and their subsheriffs, and bayliffes, the corruption of victuallers, cessors, &c. Id. Ib. p. 230.

Chaucer. Prologue, v. 662.

1

In the entrance of philosophy, when the second causes, which are next unto the senses, do offer themselves to the mind of man, if it dwell and stay there, it may induce some oblivion of the highest cause; but when a man passeth on Bp. Hall, b. ii. Sat. 5. farther, and seeth the dependence of causes, and the works

1

The melting voice through mazes running,
Untwisting all the chains that tie

The hidden soul of harmony.-Milton. L'Allegro, v. 143.

The standers by admire her passing forces,

And chiefe their wives that saw them killed so,

For as a chain-shot sweeps all in the way,

So with those nine Marsisa then did play.

Harrington. Orlando, b. ix. s. 55.

When the rice is ripe and gathered in, they tread it out of the ear with buffaloes, in a large round place made with a hard floor fit for that purpose, where they chain three or four of these beasts, one at the tail of another, and driving them round in a ring, as in a horse-mill, they so order it that the buffaloes may tread upon it all. Dampier. Voyage, an. 1687.

For he that so breaketh one command is guilty of all; he breaks the chain in pieces, and shows contempt of the lawgiver, and want of inward sincerity towards God. Stillingfleet, vol. iii. Ser. 2.

An habitual sadness seizes upon the soul, and the faculties are chained to a single object, which can never be contemplated but with hopeless uneasiness.-Rambler, No. 47.

The sides of the bay are white cliffs of great height; the middle is low land, with hills gradually rising behind, one towering above another and terminating in a chain of mountains, which appear to be far inland.

Cook. Voyages, vol. i. b. ii. c. 1.

CHAIR, n. From the A.S. Cyran, acyran, } CHAIR, v. to turn, to turn about, to turn packwards and forwards. A chair is a species of seat. It is not a fixed, but a movable seat, turned about and returned at pleasure; and from that circumstance it has its denomination. It is a chaer-seat, (Tooke, ii. 190.)

Chair is used in old writers as we now use car, or chariot.

To chair, is a common expression used at elections for members of parliament, when the triumphant candidate is carried about in a chair.

As he wende aboute by the see, & such poer adde an honde,
Up achaere he sat adoun, al vp the see sonde,
An enresonede hys men, as hii byuore him stonde.

R. Gloucester, p. 321.

For the quene he sent & scho did dight hire chare.

Anon he ful of sorowe

R. Brunne, p. 332.

Fro h' chaire thare he sat. & brak hus necke atweyne.
Piers Plouhman, p. 6.

And thei loven the firste syttynge places in soperis, and the firste chaieres in sinagogis.-Wiclif. Matthew, c. 23.

And he turnyde aghen sittinge in his chare & redynge Isaie the prophete, and the spirite seide to Philip, neighe thou and ioyne thee to this chare.-Id. Dedis. Ib. c. 8.

God daunted all his pride, and all his bost,

For he so sore fell out of his chare,

That it his limmes and his skinne to tare,

So that he reither mighte go ne ride;

But in a chaire men about him bare.

He with great humilitee

Chaucer. Monkes Tale, v. 14,531.

Out of his chare to grounde lepte,

And them in both his armes clepte.-Gower. Con. A. b. i.

The Romaines maden a chayere.

And sette her emperour therein.

Id. Ib. b. v.

The Scithes sware only by the chayre or throne of theyr kyng, which othe if they brake, they therefore suffer death.

Sir T. Elyot. Gouernovr, c. 7.

And stroue to match, in royall rich array

Great Junoe's golden chaire, the which they say
The gods stand gazing on, when she does ride

To Joue's high house through heauen's brass-paued way.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 4.

At last agreed they call'd him by consent,
Before the queen and female parliament.
And the fair speaker rising from the chair
Did thus the judgment of the house declare.

Dryden. The Wife of Bath.

To this end, it was agreed by Mr. Rouse, chairman to that assembly, and the rest of Cromwell's junto, to meet earlier in the house than was usual. Ludlow. Mem. vol. ii. p. 32.

But, give him port and potent sack,
From milk-sop he starts up Mohack;
Holds that the happy know no hours;

So through the streets at midnight, scowers,

Breaks watchmen's heads and chairmen's glasses,

And thence proceeds to nicking sashes. Prior. Alma, c. 3.

CHAISE. Fr. Chaise, for Chaire, says Duchat, by the change of s into r, common in our language. Applied to

A light carriage drawn by one horse or more.

One question more comes into my mind to ask you, and that is, whether the back of those that fall down so flat, are so made that, when it is up, one may lean and loll against it at one's ease, as in a coach or chariot; for I am grown a very lazy fellow, and have now three chairs to lean and loll in, and would not be without that relief in my chaise.

Locke. To Anthony Collins.

Every body here hires a carriage, and Mr. Banks hired
two. They are open chaises, made to hold two people, and
driven by a man sitting on the coach-box; for each of these
he paid two rix dollars a day.
Cook. Voyage, vol. ii. b. ii. c. 10.

CHA'LDRON. A large measure, particularly
of coals, containing 2000 pounds. I know not
whether from Fr. Chauderon, caldarium, so many
coals as are sufficient for heating (calfaciendo) a
large cauldron! (Skinner.)

Coals were bought at Newcastle for two shillings and twopence a chaldron, and sold again in France for thirteen nobles. Strype. Memoirs. Edw. VI. an. 1552.

CHA'LICE, n. Fr. Calice; Sp. Caliz; Lat. CHA'LICED, adj. Calix ; Gr. Κυλιξ, and so called παρα το κυλιέσθαι, from its roundness. Usually applied to

A cup used in religious rites.

This is a fouler thefte than for to breke a chirche and steale away the chalice. --Chaucer. The Persones Tale.

And therefore he saith that in their time thei had treen
chalices & golden prestes, and now haue we golden chalices
and treen prestes. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 114.

And the grave clergy had with them been set,
To warrant what they undertook was just,
And as for monies, that to be no let,

They bade the king, for that to them to trust:
The church to pawn would see her chalice laid,
Ere she would leave one pioneer unpaid.

Drayton. The Battle of Agincourt.

Hearke, hearke, the larke at heauen's gate sings,

and Phœbus gins arise,

His steeds to water at those springs,
on chalic'd flowers that lyes.

Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act ii. sc. 3.

Saying, that the lifting up of the host betokeneth nothing,
but the sending down of the Son by the Father to suffer
death for man: and the lifting up of the chalice signified,

that the Father of heaven sent down his Son to shed his
blood in earth for man's salvation.

Strype. Memoirs. Hen. VIII. an. 1556.

The same merry gentleman represented the office thus: "They get them a tankard (as though they refused the use of a chalice) and one saith, I drink, and I am thankful. The more joy of thee, saith the other."

Id. Memoirs. Q. Mary, an. 1554.

O'er the horns

Th' inverted chalice, foaming from the grape,
Discharg'd a rich libation.-Glover. Leonidas, b. xii.

CHALK, v.
Lat. Calx, calcis, from Gr.
CHALK, n.
Χαλιξ, which denotes a stone
CHA/LKY.
or the fragments of stone, of
CHALKSTONE.) which cement or mortar is
made. Scheidius observes, that from Κλαειν,
frangere, (pp.) κεκλακα, is κλακος, which might
give the contracted κλαξ, whence καλξ.
CALCAREOUS.

See

To chalk, is to cover, or spread over with chalk;
to mark out a tract or course, as if with chalk.
He toke the chalk, and shope it in the wise
Of an ingot, as I shal you devise.

Chaucer. The Chanones Yemannes Tale, v. 16,690.
Lo how thei feignen chalke for cheese.
Gower. Con. A. Prologue.

For thys wyll not be allowed of them that know chese fro
chalke, no, though they brynge with them thre Ambroses
for their witnesse. --Bale. Apology, p. 71.

But whan they shoulde walke
Were fayne with a chalke

To score on the balke. Skelton. Why come ye not to Court?
290

CHA

Else how should even tale be registred,
Or all thy draughts on the chalk'd barrel's head.

Bp. Hall, b. v. Sat. 2.

And accordingly he hath chalked out a new way of loving also; he gave his life for us; yea, himself, and all his glory; and so it follows that in John, xv. 12, Love one another, as I have loved you. Goodwin. Works, vol. i. pt. i. p. 239.

The wheat of Campaine is reddir, but this of Pisa whiter: and more weightie it is, if it come from a chalkie ground, or have chalk mingled among. -Holland. Plinie, vol. i. p. 563.

Terrible apprehensions and answerable to their names, are raised of fayrie stones and elve's spurs found commonly with us, in stone, chalk, and marl-pits.

7

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 4.

In that room, up one pair of stairs, which was hung.with
a rusty green, he found John Milton sitting in an elbow
chair; black cloths and neat enough; pale but not cadaver-
ous; his hands and fingers gouty, and with chalk-stones.
Richardson. Life of Milton.
When rusty weapons with chalk'd edges
Maintain'd our feeble privileges.-Hudibras, pt. iii. c. 2.
Cole, whose dark streams his flowery island lave;
And chalky Wey, that rolls a milky wave.
Pope. Windsor Forest

I shall pursue the plan 1 have chalked out in my letters
that follow this.-Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 1.

The calumny is fitter to be scrawled with the midnight chalk of incendiaries, with "no popery," on walls and doors of devoted houses, than to be mentioned in any civilized company.-Id, Speech at Bristol previous to the Election.

There is as much expression in the Susanna as perhaps
can be given, preserving at the same time beauty; but the
colour is inclinable to chalk, at least it appears so after
looking at the warm splendid colours of Rubens: his full
and rich composition makes this look cold and scanty.

Sir Joshua Reynolds. Journey to Flanders, &c.
Already British coasts appear to rise,
The chalky cliffs salute their longing eyes;
Each to his breast, where floods of rapture roll,
Embracing strains the mistress of his soul.

CHALLENGE, v.
CHALLENGE, N.
CHALLENGABLE.
CHALLENGER.

Falconer. Shipwreck, c. 1.

Dut. Kalangieren; Fr. Chalanger, calanger. Chalonger or chalenger, Menage thinks is derived

TRAN P

from Calumnier, from the Lat. Calumniari. Wiclif
renders calumniam sustineret, he might be chalengid;
calumniantur, chalenge falsli. Neque calumniam
faciatis, nether make ye fals chalenge.

"To claim, challenge, demand, make title unto;
also to challenge, accuse, appeach, complain, charge
with, call in question for an offence, crime, or
trespass," (Cotgrave.)

The emperesse to Engelond com,

To calangy after hyre fader, by rygte the kynedom.

R. Gloucester, p. 451.
Grante him conquere his right Gascoyne and Normundie,
That the kyng of France chalanges falsly.
R. Brunne, p. 235.

And wele it was to witen no chalange ageyn. Id. p. 87.
Somme serven the kynge. and hus silver tellen
In the chekkere and the chauncelrie. chalengynge hus

dettes

Of wardes & of wardemotes. - Piers Plouhman, p. 5.

A charter is chalangable. byfore a chief iustice.-Id. p. 221 For the tribune dredde lest the iewis wolde take him bi the waie and sle him, and aftirwarde he myght be chalengid as he hadde take money. Wiclif. Dedis, c. 23.

Hauynge good conscience, that in that thing that thei bacbiten of you, thei ben confoundid which chalenge falsli youre good conuersacioun in Crist. Id. 1 Petir, c. 3.

And he seide to hem, smyte ye no man wrongfully, nether make yc fals challenge and be ye a payed with your soudis.

Id. Luke, c. 3.

God oftentymes by clere examples and bodely delyuerances
chalengeth to himself the glorye of his owne name.
Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 3.

Not that I chalenge any thing of right
Of you, my soveraine lady but of grace.

Chaucer. The Frankeleines Tale, v. 11,036.

Then the thirde daye came in an other knyght of Henaude as chalenger, to whom, as defendant, came in sir John Cornewayll, knyght, and so well bare him, that he put the straunger to the worse. -Fabyan, an. 1509.

Antonius on the other side bravely sent him word againe, and challenged the combat of him, man for man, though ho were the elder: and that if he refused him so, he would then fight a battle with him in the fields of Pharsalia, as Julius Cæsar and Pompey had done before.

North. Plutarch, p. 776,