ats Defence, de.

Progress, Actr.

of Florence,]

just is scarce

an advocate!

catess, who is

harp is to be

AERONAUT.
From the Greek anp, the
AERONAUTICS. air, and ναυτης, a sailor.
One who sails through, soars through the air.
The words are common in the narratives of the
exploits and disasters of these adventurers.

ESTUATION. See ESTUATION.

AFA'R, or FAR, (qv.) A. S. Far-an, to fare, to go.

Gone; moved to a distance; remote, distant. And the pupplican stood afer: and wolde not reise hise yghen to heuene, but smoot his breste and seyde: God be mersyful to me synner.-Wiclif. Luk. c. 18.

And ye publyca stondyng a farre of, wolde not lyfte vp hys eyes to heauen, but smote vpon hys brest sayinge: God be mercyfull to me a synner.-Bible, 1539. Ib.

And for to telle it more pleine

These olde philosophers seyne,

That Orbis, whiche I spake of er,

Is that, whiche we, fro therthe a ferre

pt. i. s. 9.

But what desirest thou of fortune, with so greate afare?
(tanto strepitu.) -Chaucer. Boecius. De Consol. b. ii.

affaires of this life, because he wolde please him that hathe
No man that warreth, entangleth hym self with the
chosen hym to be a souldier. -Geneva Bible. 2 Tim. ii. 4.

And certainly I am abashed that among wise men so highe
affaires should be so soone and sodaynly concluded and
determined.-Golden Boke, с. 12.

Cæs. I have eyes upon him, and his affaires come to me
on the wind: wher is he now?

Shakespeare. Ant. & Cleop. Act iii. sc. 6
They teach her to recede, or to debate,

With toys of love, to mix affairs of state.-Prior. Solomon.
Could chance

Find place in his dominion, or dispose
One lawless particle to thwart his plan,

Then God might be surprised, and unforeseen
Contingence might alarm him, and disturb,
The smooth and equal course of his affairs.

AFFAIT, v.

Cowper. Task, b. ii.

Fr. Affaicter. Used by R. of
Gloucester as we use Defeat. Used by Piers

Beholde, and firmament it calle,
In whiche the sterres stonden all. Gower. Con. A. b. vii. Plouhman and Gower, in a consequent applica-

Did her perfections call me on to gaze,

The steep where fame's proud temple shines afar!

A'FFABLE, adj.

A'FFABLENESS.

AFFABILITY.

A'FFABLY.

}

Beattie. Minstrel.

Fr. Affable; It. Affabile;

Sp. Afable; Lat. Affabilis, (Ad-fari, to speak.) Obvius atque expositus qui

busdam affari volentibus. (Junius.)

That may be spoken to, accosted, or addressed; and, therefore, gentle, courteous, conciliating. See the quotation from the Governour.

He was prudent, comely, princely, affable, ientle, and amiable, he loued iustice and punisshed the malefactors. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 11.

Affabilitie is of a wonderfull efficacie or power in procuryng loue. And it is in sondry wyse, but moste proprely, where a man is facyle or easye to be spoken vnto. It is also where a man speketh courteysely with a swete speche or countenaunce, wherwith the herers (as it were with a delycate odour) be refreshed, and alured to loue him, in whom is this moste delectable qualytie.

Elyot. The Governour, b. ii. c. 5.

Say, goddess, what ensued when Raphael,

The affable arch-angel, had forewarn'd

Adam, by dire example, to beware

Apostacy, by what befel in heaven

To those apostates. --Milton. Paradise Lost, b. vii.

He [the Christian] is neither too austere in his retiredness; nor too good cheap in his sociableness: but carries so even an hand, that his discreet affableness may be free from contempt; and that he may win his people with a loving conversation.-Bp. Hall. The Christian. s. 6.

I am a gentleman of Verona, Sir,

That hearing of her beautie and her wit,

Her affability and bashfull modestie:

Her wondrous qualities and milde behaviour,

Am bold to show myselfe a forward guest

Within your house. Shakes. Tam. of the S. Act ii. sc. 1.

Eug. She sighs and says, forsooth, and cries, heighho;

She'll take ill words o' th' steward, and the servants,
Yet answer affably and modestly:
Things, Sir, not usual with her.

Beaum. & Fletch. Martial Maid, Act iii.

This led him [Charles] to a grave, reserved deportment, in which he forgot the civilities and the affability that the nation naturally loved, to which they had been long accustomed.-Burnet. Own Time, b. i.

Distinguished as he [Euphrates, the philosopher] is by the sanctity of his manners, he is no less so by his polite and affable address. Melmoth. Pliny, b. i. Let. 10.

AFFAIR, n.

Fr. Afaire, Affaire, (tout ce qui est à faire, Menage); It. Affare, (qui a été fait d'adfacere, Id.).

That which is to do; to be done; a matter or thing, doing, done, managed, conducted, transacted, settled. Afare, Chaucer, (in the original strepitus), Skinner thinks may be Afear: it seems to mean Ado.

For the beth meny.... myne afferes to aspye.

Piers Plouhman, p. 95.

tion

To tame, to make subservient to, to subdue.

Tho the kyng hem adde afayted so, that hyi ne kepte
nanmore hym mete.

Gut he thogte asayty the Scottes, as he hem lete.

R. Gloucester, p. 177.

Hue sholde unsywe hure smok. and sette ther an heire

To afaiten hure flesche that fers was to synne.

Macduffe. Bleed, bleed, poor country,
Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure,
For goodnesse dare not check thee: wear you thy wrongs,
The title is affear'd. --Shakespeare. Macbeth, Act iv. sc. 1.

Which method of liquidating the amercement to a precise sum, was usually performed in the superior courts by the assessment or affeerment of the coroner, a sworn officer chosen by the neighbourhood.-Blackstone. Com. b. iv. c. 29.

In the court leet and court baron it is still performed by affeerors, or suitors sworn to affeere, that is, tax and moderate the general amercement according to the particular circumstances of the offence and the offender.-Id. Ib.

AFFE/CT, v.
AFFE/CT, n.
AFFECTATION.
AFFECTED.

Piers Plouhman, p. 87.

AFFECTEDLY.
AFFE/CTION.

My father ye shall well beleue

AFFECTIONATE.

The yonge whelpe, which is affaited

Hath not his maister better awaited

To couche. Gower. Con. A. b. i.

And eche of them his tyme awaiteth,
And eche of them his tale affaiteth,

All to deceiue an innocent,

Whiche woll not be of her assent. Id. Ib. b. ii.

AFFA/MISH, v. Fr. Affamer ;
AFFA'MISHMENT.

MINE.

It. Affa} mare; Lat. Fames. See FA

To starve with hunger.

But th' only image of that heavenly ray,
Whereof some glance doth in mine eye remayne,
Of which beholding the idea playne,
Through contemplation of my purest part,
With light thereof I doe myself sustayne,

And thereon feed my love-effamisht hart. Spenser, Son.86.
What can be more unjust, than for a man to endeavour to
raise himself, by the affamishing of others? Neither can it
serve his turn to say, by way of excuse, that the multitude
of buyers may be the cause of a dearth.

Bp. Hall. Cases of Conscience, Dec. i. c. 5.
[Christ was] carried into the wilderness for the oppor-
tunity of his tyranny, for the horrour of the place, for the
affamishment of his body, &c. Id. Contemplations, b. iv.

considered a vulgarism, was anciently as common
AFFE/AR. v. See To FEAR. Afeard, now
as Afraid is at present, and was variously written:
A ferde, afered, afeard, aferd. It has no etymo-
logical connexion with Afraid, (qv.)

A gret ok he wolde breide a doun, as it a smal gerde were,
And bere forth in his hond, that folc forte a fere.
R. Gloucester, p. 22.

The stones stondeth ther so grete, no more ne mowe be,
Euene vp rygt & swythe hye, that wonder it is to see:
And other liggeth hye aboue, that a mon may be of a ferd,
That vche mon wondre may how heo were first a rered.
To Joppyn whan he cam, the Soudan was not there,
Id. p. 7.
The flom (river) the Soudan nam, Richard forto affere.
R. Brunne, p. 187.
Thauh ge come by fore kynges. and clerkes of the lawe
Beeth nat a ferd of that folke. for ich shal geve gow tonge
Connynge and clergie. to conclude hem alle.

AFFECTIONATELY.

AFFECTIONED.

AFFECTINGNESS.

AFFECTIVE.

Fr. Affecter; It. Affettare; Sp. Afectar; Lat. Affectum, past part. of Afficere, Affectare, (Adfacere,) to make to or towards.

To act or operate upon, so as to make to or towards; to influence, or tend to; either literally or metaphorically. To act towards, the attainment of; to aim at; to pretend to; to assume; to arrogate; to lean towards; to incline; to influence; to dispose.

AFFECTER.

AFFECTUOUS.

AFFECTUOUSLY.

The verb, to affect; the derivatives, affectation, affected, affectedly, are (and formerly affection and affectioned were) particularly applied to the assumption and ostentatious display of deceitful noteappearances; and, consequentially, applied to de

Hypocrisy or false pretence; self-conceit; selfsufficiency.

To act towards, the excitement of any sensation, passion, or emotion; and, consequentially, to move, raise, or excite, any feeling, sensation, passion, or emotion

The noun, affection (and so formerly affectation); the derivatives, affectioned, affectionate, affectionately, are particularly applied to

Men schulen be louynge hemsilff, coueitouse, high o berynge, proude, blasfemeris; not obedient to fadir and modir, unkynde, cursid, withouten affeccioun. Wiclif. 2 Timo. c. 3.

Thus can she maken hie and low

Whan they from richesse arne throw

Fully to knowen without were

Frend of affect, and frend of chere.-Chaucer. Rom. of R.

Ful lusty was the wether and benigne,

For which the foules again the sonne shene,

What for the seson and the yonge grene,

Ful loude songen hir affections.

Id. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,370.

An eye, whose judgment none affect could blinde,
Frendes to allure, and foes to reconcile;
Whose persing looke did represent a minde

With vertue fraught, reposed, voyd of gile.

Surrey. On the Death of Sir T. W.

It signifieth cryste, vnto all men desyering to understand prophecies euer to sende some that will teche hì that is s0 minded towerdes God as was daniel affected towerds cryste & his aungel when this vision shuld be declared.

Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 8.

The text saith that Antiochus shall consult the forsakers

For of bir honde there is no dreade. Gower. Con. A. b. iv. and trayterouse transgressors of the lawe which were yo

31

He [Pearson, bishop of Chester] was a judicious and grave preacher, more instructive than affective; and a man of a spotless life, and of an excellent temper.

Burnet. Own Time, b. iv. an. 1686.

It is one thing to make an idea clear, and another to make it affecting to the imagination. Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful.

O, friendly to the best pursuits of man,
Friendly to thought, to virtue, and to peace,
Domestic life in rural leisure past!
Few know thy value, and few taste thy sweets;
Though many boast thy favours, and affect
To understand, and choose thee for their own.

Cowper. Task. b. iii.

It is not meant, that we should be affectedly forward in talking of our religion; but, whenever we are called to do so, unaffectedly own it, and stand by it. Secker. vol. i. Ser.3.

Those expectations of mine seem now so well grounded, that my disappointment, and consequently my anger, will be so much the greater if they fail; but, as things stand now, I am most affectionately and tenderly yours. Chesterfield, Let. 159.

This passage carries such a lively affectingness with it that I well remember the impression which it made upon my mind, when I last read it, and nearly half a century ago. Whitaker. On Gibbon, p. 164.

Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality. Cogan. On the Passions, c. 1. § 1.

When we remark that a person has an affectionate heart, we mean to applaud his being under the influence of the best affections, of a social and relative nature. Id. Ib.

And lion-skinn'd freethinking, safe affector of thy bravery, insults whom thou hast disarmed, ten times slays the slain, and claims to be the sole gatherer up of the spoils.

Search. Light of Nature, vol. ii. pt. iii. c. 27. AFFEIGN. i. e. feigned; invented; falsely

And take this for a generall reule, that every conseil that
is affermed so strongly, that it may not be chaunged for no
condition that may betide, I say that thilke conseil is wicked.
Chaucer. Tale of Melibeus.

Doughter, stint thin hevinesse;
Among the goddes highe it is affermed,
And by eterne word written and confermed,
Thou shalt be wedded unto on of tho,
That han for thee so mochel care and wo.

Id. The Knightes Tale, v. 2350.

Parde euery conceipte of euery reasonable creature, otherwise wil not graunt: will in affirmatife with not willing by no waie show accord. Id. The Test. of Loue.

To appease the multytude, the kynge toke the childe in his armys, and so bare hym into the place of the assemble of the people, and there shewed vnto theym, wt affirmaunce of great othes, that his entent was oonly for the wele of the childe and for defence of his countre. Fabyan, c. 186.

And for a more vehement affyrmacyon he doubleth his owne wordes sayenge, he that here hath not receyued forgeuenesse of his synnes, he shall not be there, he shall not surelye be there he meaneth that he shall neuer come to heaue, which here hath not his remission.

Johan Fryth. An Answere onto my Lorde of Rochestre, k. 2. Yet is it not euen so, so fieble as his owne, where he argueth in the negatiue, as I lay the sample for thaffyrmatiue. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1131.

Believing it the word of God, he must of necessity believe it true and if he believe it true, he must believe it contains all necessary direction to eternal happiness, because it affirms it self to do so. Chillingworth. Relig. of Protestants.

Those attributes and conceptions that were applicable and affirmable of him when present, are now affirmable and applicable to him though past.-Hale. Orig. of Mank. p.104.

The common opinion of the Oestridge, struthiocamelus or sparrow camel, conceives that it digesteth iron, and this is confirmed by the affirmations of many.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 22.

in which tract of 70 years time, the vulgar sort of Jews neglecting their own maternal tongue (the Hebrew,) began to speak the Chaldee; but not having the right accent of it, and fashioning that new-learned language to their own innovation of points, affixes, and conjugations, out of that intermixture of Hebrew and Chaldee, resulted a third language, cali'd to this day the Syriac.-Howell, b. ii. Let. 60.

Sixe severall times do we find that Christ shed his blood; in his circumcision, in his agonie, in his crowning, in his scourging, in his afixion, in his transfixion.

Bp. Hall. Ser. Gal. ii. 20.

We see two sorts of white butterflies fastening their eggs to cabbage-leaves, because they are fit aliment for the caterpillars that come of them; whereas, should they affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food, such caterpillars must needs be lost.-Ray. On the Creation.

In my possession is a remarkable piece, which so many circumstances affix to the history of this prince [Hen. VI.], that I cannot hesitate to believe it designed for him, though I imagine it was painted after his death.

Walpole. Anecdotes of Painting, vol. i. c. 2.

AFFLICT, υ.
AFFLICTEDNESS.
AFFLICTION.
AFFLICTIVE.

AFFLICTIVELY.

Fr. Affliger; It. Affliggere; Sp. Afligir; Lat. Afflictum, past part. of Affligere, (Adfligere,) to dash against. See CONFLICT.

To strike against with violence; to break, to shatter; and, consequentially, to pain; to distress; to cause sorrow or calamity; to grieve greatly.

Abbay & priorie, & other religions,

For vs salle pray & crie in ther afflictions.

R. Brunne, p. 202.

Perkyn Warbeck then beyng in Flaunders, had taken great care and sorowe for that his craftie conueighaunce was espied and openly knowen, and also that kyng Henry had afflicted and punished diuerse of his confederates and succour that was to hym promysed and appoyncted.

The rule, as it is prescribed in the gospel, is affirmative alyes, and thereby [he was] in despaire of all the ayde and

and preceptive: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do
to you, do ye even so." But this affirmative precept implies
the negative, that so much celebrated rule of righteousness
and justice: "That which ye would not that men should do
to you, do ye not to them."-Hale. Contemp. Matt. vii. 12.
They tell you, it is as gross a paradox to hold there are no
antipodes, and that the negative is now as absurd as the
affirmative seemed at first.-Howell, b. iii. Let. 9.

The reason of man hath not such restraint; concluding
not onely affirmatively but negatively; not onely affirming
there is no magnitude beyond the last heavens, but also
denying there is any vacuity within them.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 7.

All our affirmations are only in concrete, which is the
affirming, not one abstract idea to be another, but one ab-
stract idea to be joined to another.
Locke. On Hum. Underst. b. iii. c. 8.

An affirmative proposition is when the idea of the predi-
cate is supposed to agree to the idea of the subject, and is
vined to it by the word is, or are, which is the copula; as,
All men are sinners. Watts. Logick, pt. ii. s. 2.

If one writer shall affirm that virtue added to faith is sufficient to make a christian, and another shall as zealously deny this proposition, they seem to differ widely in words, and yet perhaps they may both really agree in sentiment: If by the word virtue, the affirmer intends our whole duty to God and man; and the denier by the word virtue means only courage, or at most our duty toward our neighbour, without including in the idea of it the duty which we owe to God. Id. Ib. pt. i. c. 6.

I do not mean to affirm generally that reason is not a judge in matters of religion; but I do maintain, that there are certain points concerning the nature of the Deity, and the schemes of Providence, upon which reason is dumb and revelation is explicit.-Horsley, vol. i. Ser. 1.

The magna charta of King John was connected with another positive charter from Henry I., and both the one and the other were nothing more than a re-affirmance of the still more ancient standing law of the kingdom.

}

Burke. On the French Revolution.

AFFIX, v.
Arrix, n.
AFFIXION, n. past part. of Affigere, (Ad-
figere,) to fasten to. See Fix.

Fr. Afficher; It. Affigere;
Sp. Afixar;" Lat. Affixum,

To fasten, join, or unite closely, or fastly; inse-
parably: to attach to, to connect with.

For there be men, whiche other wise

Right onely for the couetise,

Of that thei seen a woman riche,

There wol thei all her loue afiche. Gower. Con. A. b. v.

The royal maid woxe inly wondrous glad,

To hear her love so highly magnifyde;

And Loyd that ever she affixed had

Her hart on knight so goodly glorifyde,
However finely she it faind to hyde.

YOL. I,

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ift. с. 2.

Hall. Hen. VII. an. 11.

For as Salamon sayth. The hope that is differred and
delaied, paineth and afflicteth the soule.
Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1080.

For as the affliccions of Christ are plenteous in vs, euen
so is oure consalacion plenteous by Christ.

A/FFLUENCE, n.
A'FFLUENT.
A'FFLUX.
AFFLUXION.

}

Fr. Affluence; It. Affluenza; Sp. Afluencia; Lat. Affluentia, Affluens, pres. part. of Affluere, (Ad-fluere,) to flow to. Applied metaphorically, to Wealth, riches, or opulence, flowing with the fulness of a flood; in abundance.

They were both [Buckingham and Essex] of sweet and accostable nature, almost equally delighting in the press and affluence of dependants and suiters. Wotton. Reliquiæ. A Parallel.

I shall not need to relate the affluence of young nobles, and others, from hence into Spain, after the voice of our prince; his being there had been quickly noised, and at length believed.-Id. Ib. Life of Buckingham.

External or worldly prosperity, consists in an accommodate condition of man in this world, as health of body, comfort of friends and relations, affluence, or at least competency of wealth, power, honour, applause, good report, and the like. Hale. Contemp. vol. i. Victory of Faith.

[Pleurisy is] an inflammation, either simple, consisting only of an hot and sanguineous affluxion; or else denominable from other humours according to the predominancy of melancholy, flegm, or choler.--Brown. Vulg. Err. b. iii. c. 3. I see thee, Lord and end of my desire, Loaded and blest with all the affluent store Which human vows at smoking shrines implore.

Prior. Henry & Emma.

Though an unwieldly affluence may afford some empty pleasure to the imagination, yet that small pleasure is far from being able to countervail the imbittering cares that attend an overgrown fortune.

Boyle. Occasional Reflections, § 4. Dis. 11.

An animal that must lie still, receives the afflux of colder or warmer, clean or foul water, as it happens to come to it.-Locke,

This country is so highly indebted to Sir Edward Hawke, that no expence should be spared to secure to him an honourable and affluent retreat.-Junius, Let. 1.

Our writers of rising merit are generally neglected, while the few of an established reputation are overpaid by luxurious affluence. Goldsmith. On Polite Learning.

AFFORD. No satisfactory etymology has been given of this word. It is perhaps formed upon Affeered, the past part. of Affeer, (qv.) to Bible, 1539. 2 Cor. c. 1. appraise, to set, or fix, a price, a value; and then applied, consequentially

Shed thy faire beames into my feeble eyne,
And raise my thoughts, too humble, an'l too vile,
To think of that too glorious type of thine,
The argument of mine afflicted stile.

Spenser. Introd. to Faerie Queene.

Thou art deceived, if thou thinkest God delights in the
misery and afflictedness of his creature.
Bp. Hall. Balm of Gilead, c, 2. s. 6.

What! when we fled amain, pursued and struck
With heaven's afflicting thunder, and besought
The deep to shelter us? This hell then seem'd
A refuge from those wounds.--Milton. Par. Lost, b. ii.

Glo. I do remember now henceforth I'le beare
Affliction, till it do cry out it selfe

Enough, enough, and dye-Shakes. Lear, Act iv. sc. 6.

If he be compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shews that his heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the balm.--Bacon. Ess. On Goodness.

He that cures his sin by any instruments, by external, or interiour and spiritual remedies, is penitent, though his his sorrow bursting out into tears, or his expressions pasdyet be not ascetick, and afflictive, or his lodging hard, or sionate and dolorous. Taylor. Gt. Exemp. pt. ii. § 11.

The fallen angels, having acted their first part in heaven, are made sharply miserable by transition, and more afflictively feel the contrary state of hell.-Brown. Christ.Mor.x.2.

The evils in this life afflict men more or less according as
the soul is fortified with considerations proper to support us
under them. Tillotson. Works, vol. i. Ser. 8.

It is implied, and intended to be inferred, that there are
many just and good, wise and useful ends; upon account
of which, God permits so many afflictions to fall upon man-
kind; and the consideration therefore of which, (so far as
we can discover them in this present dark and imperfect
to the divine will. Clarke. Works, vol. i. Ser. 96.
state,) ought to teach us patience and chearful resignation

From evil, that is, principally, from sin or evil moral and
spiritual; the onely evil, simply and in its own nature such;
and the root of all other evil; from that, and conse-
quently from all mischief (evil, natural, and temporal;
or evil penal and aflictive,) which may grow upon, or sprout
from thence.-Barrow. An Expos. of the Lord's Prayer.

Fair Fancy wept, and echoing sighs confess'd
A fixt despair in every tuneful breast.
Not with more grief the afflicted swains appear,
When wintry winds deform the plenteous year.1
Collins. To

38

To prize, to value, to estimate; to rate; sc. as the price of sale, for which any thing may be sold; vended, set out for sale, brought forth, produced, yielded. And hence generally

To bring forth, to produce, to yield, to supply : and further, to be able to buy, or sell, or expend. [There is] no such offering of Christ in the Scripture, where you will find it once afford for all. Sheldon. in Life of Chillingworth.

Par. I would the cutting of my garments wold serue the turne, or the breaking of my Spanish sword. Lo. F. We cannot affoor'd you so.

Shakespeare. All's Well that Ends Well, Act iv.

King. Why speak'st thou not?
Hier. What lesser liberty can kings afford
Than harmless silence? Then afford it me.

Spanish Tragedy, Act v.

No, no, Hieronimo, thou must enjoin
Thine eyes to observation, and thy tongue

To milder speeches than thy spirit affoords. Ib. Act iv.

So farre was the huge vnwealdie empire of Alexander, or of the Romans, short of the Tartarian greatnesse, that the expedition of some one of the subiects of this empire, hath pierced as farre into the west, as euer Alexander into the east, and that happily among more resolute courages than the Persians or Indians, effeminated with wealth and peace, could affoord.-Purchas. Pilgrimage, b. iv. c. 2.

She bad, Be silent now; and not a word
Do you, or any of your friends afford,
Meeting me afterward in any way.

Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, b. xv.

We came to Pylos, where the studious due
That any father could affoord his son,
Nestor, the pastor of the people, show'd
To me arriu'd.

Id. Ib. b. xvii.

Whether the flux and reflux of the sea be caused by any magnetism from the moon; whether the likebe really made out, or rather metaphorically verified in the sympathies of plants and animals, might afford a large dispute.

Brown. Vulgar Errðurs, b. ii. c. 3.

Great Dryden next, whose tuneful muse affords
The sweetest numbers, and the fittest words.

Addison. English Poets.

The quiet lanes of Surry, leading to no great mart, or general rendezvous, afford calmer retreats on every side, than can easily be found in the neighbourhood of so great a

Hanmer.town.-Gilpin. Tour to the Lakes.

Lat. Affundere, (Ad-fundere,) AFFUSION. To pour to.

I first affused water on the compressed beans, till the tube

Drayton. Barons' Wars. seemed wholly full.-Boyle. Works, vol. iv. p. 568.

The clergy, whose office is like watchmen to give an alarm
Chaucer. Dreame. at every approach of sin, with as much affrightment as if an
enemy were near, or the sea broke in upon the flat country.
Bp. Taylor, vol. ii. Ser. 3.

I have known a soldier that has entered a breach affrighted at his own shadow, and look pale upon a little scratching at his door, who the day before had marched up against a battery of cannon.-Spectator, No. 12.

Ev'n those who dwell beneath its very zone,

Or never feel the rage, or never own,

What happier natures shrink at with affright,
The hard inhabitant contends is right.

Pope. Ess. on Man. Ep. 2.

That should not be made a prejudice against Christianity, and revealed religion; nor lookt upon as such an affrightful

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 5. bugbear or mormo in it. -Cudworth. Intellect. System, Pref.

Daughter of Jove! relentless power!
Thou tamer of the human breast!
Whose iron scourge, and torturing hour,

The bad affright, afflict the best. Gray. Adversity.

He sees the wide extended desart lie before him; what is
past only increases his terror of what is to come. His course
is not half finished, he looks behind him with affright, and
forward with despair. Goldsmith. On Polite Learning.

AFFRONT, v. Fr. Affronter; It. Affron-
AFFRONT, n.
tare; Sp. Afrontar; Lat.

Ad-frontem. See AFRONT, CONFRONT, &C.
To stand front to front; as hostile armies; as

When you would have many new roots of fruit trees, take a low tree, and bow it, and lay all his branches aflat upon the ground, and cast earth upon them; and every twig will take root. -Bacon. Nat. Hist. § 426.

AFLIGHT, A word much used by Gower; and also occurring in Sir Thomas More and others: and is applied to

The flight of courage; of fortitude, of presence of mind upon the appearance of danger. See FLIGHT.

Upon this worde hir herte aflight

Thynkende what was best to doone. Gower. Con. A. b. ii.

And yet were they all in case safelye to escape: wheras Judas on thother syde which nothing feared at all, but tooke a speciall pleasure to see them so aflyghted, lost hys lyfe for euer and that in fewe howres after.

AFLOAT. On float.

Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1389.

Now er alle on flote, God gif tham grace to spede.

R. Brunne, p. 169.

When Minos his navy was once afloat, navigators had the sea more free; for he expelled the malefactors out of the islands, and in the most of them, planted colonies of his own.-Hobbes. Thucydides, b. i.

With which words of King Lewis, the young King Henry was set afloat, and from that time forward, stuck not openly to oppose his father. Baker. Chronicle, an. 1170.

Others you'll see, when all the town's afloat,

Wrapt in th' embraces of a kersy coat,

Or double-bottom'd frieze; their guarded feet

Defy the muddy dangers of the street. Gay. Trivia.

AFOOT. On foot. It is applied, consequentially, to that which is in motion or in action.

And thei sayen hem go awey and manye knewen and thei wenten a foote fro al citees and runnen thidir and camen bifore hem.-Wiclif. Mark, c. 6.

And the people spyed the when they departed; & many
J:newe hym & rane a fote thyther out of all cytyes, ad cam
thyther before the. - Bible, 1539. Ib.

I see you stand like grey-hounds in the slips,
Strayning upon the start. The game's afoot:
Follow your spirit; and upon this charge,
Cry, God for Harry, England, and St. George.

Shakespeare. Hen. V. Act iii. sc. 1.

The king [Harolde] himselfe stoode afoote by the standarde, and his brethren Girthe and Leofwine with him, to the ende that in such a common perill and ieopardy, no man should once thinke to flie or run away.

Stow. Chronicle, an. 1000.

AFO'RE, ad. Written by Chaucer, Aforen, AFO'RE, prep. Aforne. On the fore part. It is much used in composition; but without effecting any change of usage in the component words. (See FORE.) It is applied to

Precedence in order of time; in order of place; and, metaphorically, to the desires and pursuits of the mind.

I meane this, that trespace hight

But reason conceiueth of a sight

Shame of that I speake aforne.-Chaucer. Rom. of Rose.

- Pandarus

Gan draw him to the window nie the strete

And said nece, who hath araied thus

The yonder house, that stant aforyene vs. Id. Troil. b. ii.

But for he wolde a while abide

To loke, if he wolde him amende,

To him afore token he sende,

And that was in his slepe by night. Gower. Con. A. b. i.

AFT

This prisoner afore the kynge

Was brought: and therupon this thynge

In audience he was accused. -Gower. Con. A. b. iii.

He, back returning by the yuorie dore,

Remounted up as light as cheerfull larke,

And on his little winges the dreame he bore

In haste unto his lord, where he him left afore.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 1.

Those who have gone afore me in that argument have

made so copious a harvest, that the issue of my gatherings Sir Robert Murray, the Lord Brounker, a profound mathe

must needs have been but small. Hales. Gold. Rem.

While Rodmond, fearful of some neighbouring shore,
Cries ever and anon, "Look out afore!"-Falconer. Shipw.
AFRE/SH. In fresh. See FRESH.

Wherefore let vs make our prayer [that we] may through
attayne his endlesse glory.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1390.
our owne repentaunce and his mercye, be renued afreshe to

The faction still defying Edward's might,
Edmond of Woodstock, with the men of Kent,
Charging afresh, renew the doubtful fight
Upon the barons languishing and spent.

matician; and Dr. Ward, soon after promoted to Exeter,
and afterwards removed to Salisbury.
Burnet. Own Time, an. 1662.

Is it a new thing for a scholar to make such a progress in
whom he received his first rudiments?
learning, as to be able afterward to teach the master, from
Wollaston. Religion of Nature, s. 3.

When o'er the ship, in undulation vast,
A giant surge, down rushes from on high,
And fore and aft, the severed ruins lie. -Falconer. Shipw.

In after ages it [Carlisle] had its share successively in the
Drayton. Barons' Wars. history of Saxons, Danes, and Scots; and during the revo-

So when the sun to west was far declin'd,
And both afresh in mortal battle join'd;
The strong Emetrius came in Arcite's aid,
And Palamon with odds was overlaid.

Dryden. Palamon & Arcite.

No more thy soothing voice my anguish chears,
Thy placid eyes with smiles no longer glow,
My hopes to cherish, and allay my fears.

'Tis meet that I should mourn, flow forth afresh my tears.

Beattie. Minstrel.

Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 651.
Goth. Aftaro; A. S. Efter,
A'FTER, prep.
supposed by Tooke to be the
A'FTER, ad.
comparative of the noun Aft
A'FTEREYE.
(A. S. Æft.) Hind, Aft, and
A'FTERWARDS.) Back, have the same meaning.
Tooke, i. 444.

After, is much used in composition, but without
effecting any change in the usage of the compo-
Gilpin.
nent words. See the quotations from Milton and

After-eye, is used as a verb by Shakespeare.
To eye or look after.

After, is applied to

Variously written Agen, Agens, Ayen, Ayenst, Agane, &c. In Dutch, the verb Jegenen, means to meet, to oppose, The collateral A. S. verb, -from

which the adverb Against, in A. S. Ongegen, appears to be lost, (v. Tooke, i. 423.)

pose; to withstand; to return. Do this again; Again; turn again, i. e. turn to meet; to opi. e. to meet, a new demand, a new emergency; to act, and continue to act in return; to persist in meeting, or opposing; and hence the application to frequent repetitions.

Wiclif uses, Aghen-buying, i. e. redemption;
i. e. resist; Aghen-say, i. e. contradict.
Aghen-rising, i. e. resurrection; Aghen-stand,

rhyme.
Dryden writes Agen, or Again, to suit his

Toward hys fon with hem alle with god herte he drow,
And ouer com this false kynges & here wyues also,
And a geyn in his kyndom mid gret honour y do.
R. Gloucester, p. 36.

He gedere ys ost anon
To werre, & to stonde a geyn the Romaynes ys fon.

Haldayn of Doncastre was chosen that ilk day,

To bere the kynge's banere ageyn the paien lay. Id. p. 17.

Ye schul be blessid whanne men schul curse you, and schul pursue you; and schul seye al yvel agens you liynge for me. Wiclif. Matt. c. 5.

Not yeldinge yuel for yuel, neither cursyng for cursyng, but agenward blessynge.-Id. 1 Peter, c. 3.

For I schal gyue to you mouth and wisdom to whiche all youre aduersaries schulen not mowe agenstonde and agen

Succession, or subsequence, or consequence, seye. Id. Luke, c. 21.

in order of time; in order of place: and, meta-
phorically, to the desires and pursuits of the mind.

In the vyf hondred ger of Grace Seynt Austyn hyder com
And four score ger and tuo, to prechy Cristendom.
And aboute an hondred ger yt was, and fyfty al so,
After that Saxons and Englysse verst come thys lond to.
R. Gloucester, p. 230.

This emperour August was of so gret fame,
That, for Juli the emperour, (that bi fore hym was er)
Hadde aftur hym y clepud a moneth in the ger,
The nexte moneth afturward, that heruest moneth ys,
He let clepe aftur hym August y wys. Id. p. 61.

Help thi kynne Crist bit. [bid] for ther by gynneth charite
And afterwarde awhaite, hoo hath moost neede

And ther help yf thou hast.-Piers Plouhman, p. 288.

Therfore kepe ye and do ye alle thingis, whatever thingis, thei seyen to you: but nyle ye do aftir hir werkis; for thei seien and do not.-Wiclif. Matt. c. 23.

All therfore whatsocuer they bid you obserue, that obserue

and do: but do not ye after their workes: for they saye, and
do not. Bible, 1539. Matt. c. 23.

And saw the fox toward the wode is gon

And bare upon his back the cok away.

They crieden, out! harow and wala wa!

Aha the fox! and after him they ran

And eke with staves many another man.

Chaucer. Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. 15,388,

35

We hopeden, that he should have agen-bought Israel.
Id. Luke, c. 24.
And he was bifore ordeyned the Sone of God in vertu, by
the Spirit of halowing of the agen-risyng of deede men.
Id. Rom. c. 1

And therfore is I come, and eke Alein
To grind our corn, and cary it home agein.

Chaucer, The Reves Tale, v. 4031.

And Tullius sayth, that no sorwe, ne no drede of deth, ne nothing that may fall unto a man, is so muchel ageins nature, man. Id. Tale of Melibcus. as a man to encrese his owen profite, to harme of another

And Custance han they taken anon fote-hot,

And in a ship all stereles (Got wot)

They han hire set, and bidden hire lerne sayle

Out of Surrie againward to Itaille.