the Roman people, as I have accepted those magisterial offices, with which I have been hitherto invested by the Roman people, with the firm impression upon my mind, of the religious obligation, with which I bound myself to discharge them.

2. So may you return safe into your country, after having laid the city in ashes, as you succour the distress of an afflicted father, and listen to his humble petition.

Ubi followed by ibi:

The complexion of the times is such, that every one thinks his own condition the most miserable, and wishes least to be shere he is.

CHAPTER III.

OF CONJUNCTIONS, AND THE MODE OF CONNECTING WORDS AND CLAUSES.

CONJUNCTIONS give a coherence and force to the sentence, and are necessary to elucidate the subject, which without them would be unintelligible. Their proper disposition is therefore of the greatest consequence. Such indeed is their utility, that the best writers often multiply them by the figure polysyndeton: and the few cases when the connexion will not suffer by their absence, are chiefly in lofty subjects that demand great vehemence of expression, and mark some sudden affection or agitation of the mind; when the gesture or action of the speaker may be supposed to supply their place; as in that well-known exclamation of Cicero, Excessit, evasit, erupit!

In the connexion of single words which have some difference in their meaning, though they agree closely with each other, with the same nominative, or the same verb; where the English would be content with one and, the Latins use two or even more. This double et, has the force of the double tum, non modò sed etiam; as,

He favours, notices and loves me beyond the

rest:

Me præ ceteris et colit, et observat et diligit.

EXAMPLES.

1. I wish you to demand and expect every thing from me. 2. The day after, in the morning, the Germans persisting in their treachery and dissimulation, came in great numbers to the camp.

3. But if reason teaches the learned; necessity, the barbarian; common custom, all nations in general; and even Nature itself instructs the brutes to defend their bodies, limbs, and lives, when attacked, by all possible methods, you cannot pronounce this action criminal, without determining at the same time, that whoever falls into the hands of a highwayman must of necessity perish either by the sword or your decisions.

This repetition of the et, is made for the sake of perspicuity, because the mind of the hearer naturally expects something more to follow, when it has been prepared for it by one of the conjunctions; as,

Liber tibi jam redditus est, aut brevi reddetur; It is not known whether the sentence is to end at redditus est, or not, as it stands; but when you add, liber tibi aut jam redditus est, aut brevi reddetur, that doubt vanishes from the beginning; but it must be observed, that if the words to be connected mark no difference with each other, there must be but one conjunction: as,

Not a single act of bravery could pass unobserved; for all the adjoining hills and eminences, which afforded a near prospect of the sea, were covered with our men.

The connexion, especially in grave and serious subjects, is often made by the repetition of the preceding word, instead of a conjunction: as,

I think that nothing is more sweet, more delightful, or more worthy the liberty of man, than friendship:

Amicitia nihil dulcius, nihil suavis, nihil hominis libertate dignius, esse puto.

EXAMPLES.

*1. At the very first onset, Numitor, giving it out that the enemy had invaded the city and attacked the royal palace, recalled the Alban youth to guard and defend the citadel with their arms; but when he saw the two young men returning to him with joy in their countenance, and ready to congratulate him on their success in having put the tyrant to death, he immediately called a council, and laid before them the wicked and barbarous conduct of his brother towards himself, discovered the origin of his grandsons, how they had been born, educated, and discovered, pointed out the assassination of the tyrant, and himself the author and contriver of it.

2. Nor is the sound of the trumpet the same, when the army is marching to an engagement, or when it sounds a retreat. 3. They have chosen me as their refuge against oppression, the avenger of their wrongs, the patron of their rights, and the sole manager of the present impeachment.

as

4. If any king, if any foreign state or nation, had been guilty of the like inhumanity against a Roman citizen, would you not make them feel the full weight of public vengeance? Would you not pursue them with the terror of your arms? Could we suffer this injury and ignominy of the Roman name to remain unpunished and unrevenged?

5. God has provided for the wants, and the conveniences, and the preservation of man.

When the words denote similitude or compari

son, instead of et, we may connect them by ut, followed by ita; as,

You have performed the greatest and the most useful actions:

Res, ut maximas, ita utilissimas, gessisti.

EXAMPLES.

1. The people of Tarsus, who are the very worst of allies; and the people of Laodicea, who surpass them in folly and perverseness, sent f their own accord, for Dolabella; from both which cities he evied and formed the image of an army, having by their numbers the appearance of a Grecian army.

*2. We have heard of the Gods being under the influence of the same desires, diseases, and passions; nor were they, as fable tells us, without their wars and battles: nor did the Gods, as in the battles of Homer, some on one side, and some on the other, lend each his assistance to two contending armies, but they carried on their own wars with the Titans and the Giants.

3. Your country will for ever love and revere your name, for you have performed the greatest and most useful exploits.

When it is necessary to introduce a circumstance of greater weight than what precedes it, it is elegantly connected by quid? quod; as,

A wise man lives contented, and indeed the wiser a man is, the more resigned he is in his death.

Sapiens contentus vivit: quid? quod sapientissimus quisque animo æquissimo moritur.

EXAMPLES.

1. I have ever been ready to be of service to you in whatever things I could, with my assistance and my advice: nay, I have not even denied you my own garments and money.