Cicero has a fine example of this, when he says ironically, that all regret the death of Clodius, where each separate expression rises gradually in a climax.

*5. But it is weak in one to presume to compare Drusus, Africanus, Pompey, or myself, with Clodius. Their lives could be dispensed with, but as to the death of Clodius, no one can hear it with any degree of patience. The Senate mourns, the Equestrian Order is filled with distress, the whole city is in the deepest affliction, the corporate towns are all in mourning, the colonies are overwhelmed with sorrow; in a word, even the fields themselves lament the loss of so generous, so useful, and so humane a citizen.

Instead of one expression which was sufficient to convey the necessary idea, two will be joined together, one in a negative, the other in an affirmative form, sometimes by non, sed non modò, sed etiam tantum abest ut, ut: this is done to give greater force to the subject; as, for semper memor ero tuorum beneficiorum: say nunquam tua beneficia obliviscar, semper animo meo infixa erit illorum memoria; or to join both by tantum abest ut, ut; as tantum abest ut beneficia tua oblivisci possim, ut potiùs eorum memoria meo animo infixa perpetuo mansura sit.

EXAMPLES.

1. After the atrocious crimes, which this man has been guilty of against the peace of society, after he has thus rendered himself the enemy of all good men, is there a single person who will stand forth his advocate? There is now therefore no more room for clemency, the case itself requires severity.

2. There are few men that do not acknowledge and admire the charms of virtue, though we see every one hurried by passion into vices and pleasures. No man despises virtue, but all

men.....

*3. I cannot boast a long line of ancestors, whose nou blood may have flowed pure and uncontaminated, through the veins of their remote descendants. I cannot boast of their heroic deeds and glorious exploits, the memory of which might have reflected lustre on my humble name; I must therefore rest the justice of my cause, on your own judgment, and its true merits; but though I do not advance the merits of my an cestors in favor of my cause, I am not ashamed of them as if they had been different from me, but I boast of, and remember with pleasure, their virtue and probity.

4. Your soul has never been satisfied with the narrow limits of life, which nature has prescribed us, but..... nor can this be called your life, which consists in the union of the soul and body; that alone, that I say is your life, which..... (It will be easy to supply this with the insertion of some affirmative appropriate expressions, the first about immortality, the other about the memory of succeeding ages, to complete the sentence.)

Instead of one expression, two or more are often joined together to define and explain the same idea; but each should be more forcible, and tend to confirm and illustrate the former: as, Cicero wishing to say that, every man's own fraud and iniquities are his chief tormentors, thus forcibly illustrates the idea: Sua quemque fraus, et suus terror maximè vexat; suum quemque scelus agitat, amentiaque afficit; suæ mala cogitationes conscientiæque animi terrent.

EXAMPLES.

1. Never shall his measures disconcert, never his arts baffle me; nor will he even attempt to weaken and undermine me by his abilities. I know all his method of attack, all the artifice of his pleading.

2. In this flight, and under the influence of these terrors, he took refuge with Tigranes, King of Armenia, who received him kindly, roused him from his diffidence, cheered him in his distress, and restored him to some degree of hope.

3. You see, my Lords, how he is continually flying up and down the streets and public places with his hair nicely trimmed and loaded with perfumes, followed by a crowd of lackies and attendants; you see, my lords, I say, how he despises all others, with what contempt he looks down upon them, and how mean and worthless he regards them, in comparison with himself; how he looks upon himself as the only great man, the only happy and powerful man.

Though there is no great difference between these several expressions, yet the main idea is thus strengthened and illustrated.

Sometimes an expression is prefixed to another, to denote the mode or manner of it, though it is implied in the sense, and therefore might have been omitted; such expressions as these: Non fieri potest, accidit, factum est, fit, faciendum putavi, evenit, contigit, insitum, datum, est, &c. Most of these imply chance, event, &c. as, for frater ab omnibus laudatus est, say, contigit fra

tri ut ab omnibus laudaretur.

EXAMPLES.

*1. In the late irruptions of the Teutones and Cimbri, when all the other provinces of Gaul were over-run, they alone had ventured to stand upon their defence, nor suffered the barbarians to set foot on their territories; whence presuming on so well known an instance of their bravery, they laid claim to great authority, and challenged high military renown. qua ex re factum est ut.)

2. These things being very uncertain, I sent my Lictors to you.- (Faciendum putavi ut.....)

3. I thought I ought to answer your letters as soon as pos

sible.

4. Therefore it will not be easy to find a man who will refuse to impart to others what he knows himself: so that we feel a propensity not merely to learn, but even to teach; and as bulls will naturally contend for the calves against lions, with

the greatest violence, and the utmost exertion of their strength, so those, who have the means, as well as the power, feel a natural inclination to do their utmost towards the preservation of the human kind.

Other expressions of the same kind are also often used, as agere, hoc ago, id egi, &c. when the verb implies some design: as,

I always consulted the welfare of others, may be rendered by semper id egi ut aliorum saluti con- . sulerem.

EXAMPLES.

1. But if you argue that any one has murdered his father, and cannot even say why or how he did it, and can only bark without fixing the least suspicion, you shall not indeed have your legs broken; but if I have any knowledge of these men, they will take such care to have your foreheads branded with that letter,* for which you have so great a detestation, that for its sake you abominate all the rest; so that for the future, you will think your ill fortune alone deserves your accusations.

*2. But to return to the point, I wish you to look upon me not merely as your friend, but as most sincerely and affectionately attached to you: and indeed it shall be my business to prove, by all the offices in my power, that this opinion of me may be founded in truth. But if you should appear to owe me this return, less on my own account than I labored to do on yours, I freely exhonerate you from that trouble.

To an expression, on which the force of the subject chiefly rests, another, though not very necessary to it, is often added, containing a kind of self-evident explanation or illustration of the former; as,

Let young men, above all, avoid idleness :

*The letter k, as the ancients used to write the word calumnia.

Here the self-evident illustration, that it is the parent of every flagitiousness, may be added: Otium praesertim, quod omne flagitiorum genus alit, evitent juvenes.

EXAMPLES.

1. How ignorant of the real interests of the people are those rulers, who, neglecting the blessings of peace, by which alone nations flourish, will, upon the slightest causes, plunge their country into all the horrors of war.

2. When we hear or read of a compassionate, a generous, a humane, a just, a moderate, a prudent act, performed while in anger, that foe to deliberation, and in the triumph of victory, when men are generally proud and insolent; with such an ardent affection are we inflamed, that we are frequently in love with persons whom we never saw.

To these rules of copiousness of style may be subjoined PLEONASM; not that rhetorical figure which is used to express a strong emotion of the mind, as his oculis vidi, but a grammatical pleonasm, which is sometimes a mere redundancy of words, and sometimes is necessary to connect or give greater force to sentences.

Ita, sic, hoc id, illud, are often redundant, followed by an accusative with the infinitive; as, It is my real opinion, that the good are hap. py, and the wicked miserable:

Ita prorsùs existimo, bonos esse beatos, improbos miseros.

EXAMPLES.

1. But having persuaded himself that the letters, which I have written concerning him, with so much accuracy, will have