3dly, If it is a thing that ought not to be done, instead of is turned into and not, or rather than; as, You ought to study, instead of playing. We should say, Studere deberes, non autem ludere; or, studere deberes, potius quàm ludere. EXAMPLES. 1. A wise governor ought to encourage peaceful arts, instead of endangering the safety of his country by useless wars. 2. Shall we spend our precious time in ease and idleness, instead of studying the liberal arts, and storing our minds with various kinds of knowledge? 3. We ought to apply a part of our fortunes in relieving the indigent, redressing the oppressed, and in doing acts of kindness to all, instead of squandering our riches in profligacy and extravagance. So far from is rendered in Latin sometimes by adeò non, ita non, sometimes by tantum abest ut, followed by ut, or by non modo non-sed etiam, non solum non-verum etiam; as, You are so far from loving me, that you rather hate me: Tantum abest ut me ames, ut me potius oderis. EXAMPLES. 1. He was so far from being superstitious, that he despised those many sacrifices and temples in his own country: so far from being fearful of death, that he was slain in battle in the service of the public.. 2. He was so far from being greedy of money, that he made no other use of it, than to free his friends from dangers and inconveniences with it. (An ablative with participle fut. in dus.) 3. Atticus' peacefulness and neutrality, were so acceptable to Cæsar, that when he was victor, and commanded money from private persons by letter, he was so far from molesting him, that he delivered him up his sister's son out of Pompey's camp. 4. You are so far from loving me, that you injure me as much as you can. 5. So far is my grief from being lessened, that it is increased. On the point of, is rendered in Latin by in co ut; it is in agitation to, by id agitur ut: and in the case of before a noun, is expressed by in with an ablative. EXAMPLES. 1. As he had been cast in his suit, he was on the point of being ruined. 2. They made a sally from every gate, and were already on the point of being repulsed, when they sounded a retreat, and returned into the town. 3. He had as many votes as the law required, and it was understood that it was in agitation to elect him consul. 4. What strange perverseness is that, if the same thing be done in your case, which you yourself did in the case of another. 5. He assured them that he would do, as he had done in the case of his other enemies. Primus, unus, solus, ultimus, frustra, &c. are used simply with the verb, instead of primus fuit qui, &c....as also the interrogative quis: as, Who is there that would not embrace virtue herself? Quis virtutem non amplectitur ipsam? EXAMPLES. 1. He was the only one who remained at his post. 2. Sicily was the first of foreign states which courted the friendship of the Roman people. 3. But the Ubians, who were the only nation of all those beyond the Rhine that had sent Ambassadors to Cæsar, earnestly entreated him to come to their assistance. 4. It is in vain for a man to avoid prodigality, if he turn to the contrary excess. 5. Who is there that does not hate a vicious and saucy young man? On the contrary, who is there who does not admire and love modesty and faithfulness, though they no way concern himself? Without before a substantive after a negation may be expressed by nisi, nisi cum; as, They fight not without pay: non pugnant nisi stipendiati. EXAMPLES. 1. Labienus, when he had spoken these things, swore that he would not return into the camp without victory. (Without being victorious.) 2. The Queen answered, that she had no power to give the daughters of her subjects in marriage, without the consent of their parents. Or it may be expressed by a verb, a participle, or an adverb; as, Grass grows without bidding, or sowing: injussa virescunt Gramina. EXAMPLES. 1. The death of this man was not without suspicion of poi son among the vulgar, who always suspect those to be poisoned whom they love. 2. If Pompey, when he was sick, had died in Naples, he would not have been engaged in a war with his father-in-law; he had not taken up arms without preparation. 3. The best things which we do are painful, and the exercise of them grievous, if they are continued without intermission. 4. He finished the business without staying longer. 5. They went off without observing that they were closely watched. Let it be observed, that where the latter clause is emphatical, the verb should be used instead of the participle. 6. He walks through the garden without admiring the sweetness of the lilies and roses, the beautiful order of the walks, and the melodious singing of the birds. (nec tamen.) Without, before a verb, may be expressed by the relative qui, quæ, quod, by quin, or by an ablative absolute; as, He does nothing without consulting you: nihil agit quin te consulat, or te inconsulto. EXAMPLES. 1. Since my father does nothing great or small without communicating it to me, why should he conceal this from me? 2. I cannot read Tully concerning old age; concerning friendship; his offices; or his Tusculan questions, without al most adoring that divinely inspired breast. 3. It is a miserable thing to die before one's time. What time, I pray? That of Nature? Why Nature for her part gave you the use of life, as of so much money, without setting any day of payment. Opus est is elegantly followed by the ablative of the participle passive; as, instead of maturare opus est, we should say, maturato opus est. EXAMPLE. Before you begin, it is necessary to deliberate, and when you have deliberated, you must act with vigor and dispatch. (maturè facto.) Observe that where there is a neuter adjective or pronoun, especially when followed by quo, it is better for the sake of perspicuity to use opus with the nominative; or as some grammarians have it, opus must become an adjective; as, He has need of what he enjoys: Id ei opus est, quo fruitur. It would not be so well to say, opus est eo quo, because they might be taken for the masculine. EXAMPLES. 1. You have no need of that which I have need of; whilst you are contented with your own condition, and even superfluities are become necessary to me. 2. He has need of that very thing which Hannibal and many other generals used in the midst of the greatest dangers, and in every engagement which they call presence of mind. We say. that the verb sum is followed by a genitive or an ablative when it serves to denote a quality, praise and blame, &c. but it is only |