lightful habits, which must already, from their antiquity, lave obtained the force of nature. 7. Drops of crimson blood distil and stain the earth with gore from the tree, which I tore from the soil, having first broken its roots asunder. 8. The same land shall receive you returning thither in its fertile bosom, which first brought you forth the race of mighty ancestors. 9. For every one after the loss of life covered with his body that spot of ground, which he had chosen and occupied in the engagement when alive. 10. Those monuments, which he had erected to his fame by the greatness of his genius and learning, lived many ages after him; and even afterwards, when a thick and impenetrable cloud had almost entirely extinguished the light of sciences, they were indeed erased from the sight of men, but they left in the minds of the learned an incredible regret and sorrow for their loss. When the relative in the beginning of a sentence is used for hoc, id, &c. and serves as a connexion to what goes before, then it must always be placed the first word. EXAMPLES. 1. When cranes traverse the seas in search of warmer climates, they are observed to form the figure of a triangle. Those at the base, nestle their necks and heads in the back of those, that fly before them. Since the leader himself cannot do this, because he has nothing, by which he may support himself, he flies back that he may also in his turu rest himself and one of those that have rested succeed to his place. This mutual succession is preserved during their whole flight. Est, sunt, erit, &c. elegantly admit the relative qui, quæ, quod, with the omission of the an tecedent aliquis quoddam, &c. followed by an indicative or a subjunctive; as, Est de quo tibi gratulor. EXAMPLES. 1. There is some one to whom you can give these letters. 2. You have what to write, in these eventful times. 3. There were some men at that time who said Cicero did not deserve so highly of his country. 4. There are some men whose delight is to follow the camp, and to encounter the dangers of war. The omission of the antecedent is also elegant, where it may be easily inferred from the sense of the subject; as, You have one, or, a friend, who wishes you well: Habes, qui tibi bene cupiat. EXAMPLES. 1. He sent men or servants, to invite all his friends to supper. 2. Sciences are soon acquired, if you have a master who can teach them with diligence and faithfulness. (This rule may be referred to the former.) The pronoun is, or ille, is oftener understood before the relative qui, quæ, quod. EXAMPLES. 1. He who despises riches, is a wise man. 2. But if we retreat through fear and consternation, these same circumstances will be adverse to us; neither the advantage of situation, nor the number of allies, will be able to protect him, whom arms could not protect. The relatives qualis, quantus, quot, are elegantly placed before the antecedents, talis, tantus, tot; and the relative adverbs quantò ubi, quò, quàm, quamdiù quoties, before tantò, ibi, hoc, or eò, tam, tamdiù, toties; as, Atlas was made as great a mountain, as he was a man: Quantus erat, tantus mons factus Atlas. EXAMPLES 1. Citizens usually conform themselves to the example of those, who govern the state. (Say, such as those, who govern the state, such are usually citizens.) 2. There are almost as many different kinds of speaking, as there are orators. 3. The more elevated we are in rank, the more submissive should we behave ourselves. 4. As long as the life of Crassus was harrassed by the toils and intrigues of ambition, so long did he receive greater renown from his private actions and greatness of mind, than profit or glory from the power and dignity of the state. *5. Spurius Cavilius having contracted a lameness from a wound, which he had received in the service of his country, and being ashamed on that account to appear abroad, his mother said to him, Why do you not show yourself before the public, my dear Spurius, that as many steps as you take, the mind may be struck with the remembrance of so many virtues? For omnis qui, and omnia quæ, it is often much better, as it is more concise, to put quicunque, quisquis, and quidquid. EXAMPLES. I wish you to consider that in all things, in which you can show a kindness to my friend, you will bind me to you by the strongest ties of gratitude. The pronoun quid is most frequently used for the adverb cur; as, Why do yo you weep? And on the contrary it is more elegant to use the adverbs cur, quare, quamobrem, instead of propter or ob quem, quam, quod, &c. as, Many reasons occurred to my mind for which I thought that labour would prove an honor to you. Multa mihi veniebant in mentem quamobrem illum laborem tibi honori fore putarem. EXAMPLES. 1. Nor yet have I been able to devise any reason, for which he ought to undertake their cause. 2. But if there is no reason for which you should load this miserable wretch with so great calamities, my advice is that you should spare him.. 3. But there were many reasons for which I wished to be there. 4. There will be that for which the enemy may strip you of your arms, not for which you should be a terror to them. To the interrogatives quis, quæ, quid, quò, quando, the particle ec is elegantly prefixed; as, Brutus ecquid agit? Wat does Brutus? EXAMPLES. 1. I pray you what so great misfortune can you imagine, which does not fall to my lot? 2. Who had the power of entering into the forum ? 3. When did you suppose that you would give in an account of your proceedings? Id quod is most frequently used for quod, when it refers not merely to one substantive, but to the whole preceding sentence; as, You love virtue: which I commend: EXAMPLES. 1. The undeserving are often loaded with wealth and honors, whilst the good meet with contempt and repulse; which is the reason that virtue itself is not practised with much zeal. 2. But the man who feels no shame, which I find happens in many, I consider not only worthy of reprehension, but even of punishment. 3. You have signified your intention to leave this country ; which has affected us all with the most lively concern. soon When the pronoun is, is used for talis, it is elegantly followed by qui, quae, quod, instead of ut is, ut ea, &c. as by the same rule quantus, qualis, quot, quoties, will be more elegantly put for ut tantus, talis, tot, toties; as, Such, or so great is your desire of revenge, that if I was inflamed with it, I should be very miserable. Ea or tanta est tua vindicta cupido, qua or quanta si flagrarem, miserrimus essem. |