EXAMPLES.

1. If thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee, (that is, a complaint, that of which he may complain) leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.

2. I have an accusation against thee, that thou has deserted thy first love.

Qui, quæ, quod, may in some instances, be used for the English particle after; as,

The fourth year after he had come :
Quarto quo venerát anno.

EXAMPLE.

What! have you not heard of Cæsar's achievments in Spain? Two armies beaten? Two generals defeated? Two provinces taken? These things were done forty days after Cæsar was come in view of the enemy.

It must be observed, that though the English very often omits the relative, yet the ellipsis must always be supplied in Latin.

EXAMPLES.

1.The man I saw yesterday, told me of your disaster.

2. Go into the village over against you, and bring away all the provision, you can collect, that we may set sail again immediately.

OF VERBS.

As it is sometimes difficult to determine, when an accusative with the infinitive is to be used, after the English conjunction that, and when it is better to turn that into quòd or ut with a nominative followed by an indicative or subjunctive, it will be proper to attend to these few observations.

We always use ut, and never the accusative with the infinitive, after ita, sit, talis, or is used for talis, tantus, adeò; after verbs of causing or effecting, persuading, impelling, exhorting, advising, compelling, entreating, beseeching, decreeing, commanding, except jubeo; and after verbs of telling, writing, and announcing, when they carry with them the force of a command; as, Tell him to come.

The Senate wrote to him to return.
And also after accidit, fit, contingit.

EXAMPLES.

1. He persuaded me to write.

2. I beseech you to come.

3. I happened to see you.

4. He commanded me to come.

5. Your neighbor is plunged into such profligacy and luxu ry, that words cannot describe his desperate condition.

6. Therefore he goes directly to Marius; he informs him of what had been done, and advises him to attempt the castle on the side, by which he had climbed up; he promises that he himself would point out the way and share the danger.

But let it be observed, that when moneo denotes information, and not advice, it is always joined with the infinitive; as,

He apprised him by a trusty messenger, that it was in agitation to break down the bridge.

In the same manner, persuadeo, though generally followed by ut, when it signifies to convince, is always followed by an infinitive; as,

I wish you thoroughly to convince yourself, that no one is dearer to me.

Observe also, that the articles of every agreement, or condition of a bargain, are expressed by ut.

After verbs denoting a doubt or opinion, the Latins elegantly use fore or futurum esse, followed by ut or qui, with the subjunctive, instead of the future of the infinitive; as,

I doubt not that there will be many who.....
Non dubito fore plerosque, qui......

EXAMPLES.

1. I hope that he will return into your favour.

2. I do not doubt that many will think this mode of writing, trifling and insignificant, and altogether unworthy of the characters of those great personages.

3. I never thought that a power, which seemed so firmly established, would so soon fall to the ground.

This form seems to have been originally made use of in verbs, which wanted a supine, and consequently a future of the infinitive, and to

have been afterwards adopted more universally on account of the elegance of the variation.

After the verbs to will, to wish, to desire, to suffer, and after æquum est, oportet, necesse est, sequitur, either ut, or the accusative with the infinitive may be used indifferently.

EXAMPLES.

1. I desired that my father should write.

2. A man must die.

3. It is right this should be done.

4. Hence it follows, that no man can make a great progress in literature without genius.

5. He wished him to assemble his forces and to march against the enemy.

Actives should be changed into passives, or quòd and ut, should, if possible, be used where two accusatives with an infinitive might create an ambiguity, which of the two was the case of the infinitive; as patrem te amare dicunt: Here it is doubtful, whether you love the father, or the father you. You will therefore say, either patrem à te amari, or à patre te amari.

Quòd may be used when it implies the cause or reason, of what goes before, when it might easily be changed into quia. and after verbs of certain affections, as of rejoicing, grieving, &c.

quòd may be safely used, as well as the accusative with the infinitive; as,

I am glad that you are returned safe:

Quòd redieris incolumis, or, te rediisse incolumem, gaudeo.

EXAMPLES.

1. After the troubles of mind and the pains you have endured, I cannot but rejoice that you are so well. (Quòd here implying the cause or reason, that I rejoice, may be equally used, or the accusative with the infinitive.)

2. I have received letters from home, and am overwhelmed with the deepest sorrow, that my father is so ill.

With these few exceptions, however, the accusative with the infinitive, is most frequently used by the ancients.

But the conjunctions ut and quòd are not to be used indiscriminately: the chief difference seems to be, that when the preceding clause is or ought to be the cause or reason of the following, we should use ut; otherwise the accusative with the infinitive, or sometimes quòd.

EXAMPLES.

1. You have often exhorted me to make a collection of my epistles, if I should write them with any degree of accuracy. (Here the exhortation is evidently the cause of collecting the epistles.)

2. So many and great favours have you heaped upon me, that so far from repaying them, I must live and die conscious of my own ingratitude.