=

...

...

wish for the common reading ἐκέλευσε ?); Plat. Protag.
p. 321 D τὴν μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν βίον σοφίαν ἄνθρωπος
ταύτῃ ἔσχε = “acquired,” τὴν δὲ πολιτικὴν οὐκ εἶχεν
was not in possession of"; Theaet. p. 142 D
ἐγραψάμην ὑπομνήματα = “I took down notes
for myself” (single act), ὕστερον δὲ . . . ἀναμιμ
νησκόμενος ἔγραφον = “by an exercise of memory
proceeded to write them down (continued acts),
καὶ . . . ἐπανηρώτων = “ kept asking questions upon
them,” καὶ . . . ἐπηνωρθούμην = " and setting them
in order,” ὥστε μοι σχεδόν τι πᾶς ὁ λόγος γέγραπται
"has been written out"; de Rep. x. p. 615 B iva
εἴ τινες . . . ἦσαν . ·, κομίσαιντο, καὶ αὖ εἴ
τινες εὐεργεσίας εὐεργηκότες . . . εἶεν, . . . κομίζοιντο
="in order that, if any were the cause, they might
reap and again, if they were to have done some good
deeds, they might be reaping"; Dem. Mid. p. 523. 3
εἰ μὴ προὐβαλόμην αὐτὸν ἀλλ' ἐδικαζόμην, . . . ἧκεν
ἄν="if I had not obtained the προβολή, but had
been prosecuting in a civil action, there would have
come ; p. 533. 10 οὗτος . . . ἑάλω καὶ κέχρηται
συμφορᾷ = was convicted and has been disfranchised
and so remains ”; Thuc. vi. 37. 2 εἰ . . . ἔλθοιεν
ἔχοντες, καὶ ὅμορον οἰκήσαντες τὸν πόλεμον ποιοῖντο
="if they were to come, having . ; and, taking
up their dwelling at hand, were so to be making war”;
Dem. Lept. p. 477. 5 ἀχθοίμην ἂν εἰ τοῦτο
μόνον δόξαιμι . . .
τῶν δὲ πολιτῶν μηδέν ̓ ἄξιον
δοκοίην ἔχειν δεῖξαι = " I should be sorry if I were to
seem, but were to be seeming able to point out."

14. (6) Present time.

σε

σε

(α) Perfect: Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 350. 12 ἀπολώλεκε .
συνηγωνίσαντο = " has ruined, co-operated ”; p. 408.
9 ἀφ ̓ οὗ γεγόνασιν ἄνθρωποι καὶ κρίσεις γίγνονται =
σε men have existed and trials exist."

σε

utter

whence

(β) Imperfect: Aesch. Αg. 1191 ὑμνοῦσι δ ̓ ὕμνον . . . |
ἐν μέρει δ ̓ ἀπέπτυσαν = “ are chanting
their scorn at”; Soph. Αnt. 456 ἀεί ποτε | ζῇ ταῦτα,
κοὐδεὶς οἶδεν ἐξ ὅτου φάνη = " they exist
they came"; Xen. Oeconom. x. 8 yàp .
κονται . ἢ . . . ἐλέγχονται, ἢ . . . βασανίζονται,
ἢ . . . κατωπτεύθησαν = “ their case is one of being
either caught or proved or tortured, or they are
discovered."

ἁλίστ

(β) Present.

Imperative.

Infinitive.

Alfieri : his terseness.

15. Imperative.

(β) Imperfect: Soph. Αj. 371 ἵπεικε = " yield" (continued act), καὶ φρόνησον εὖ = “ come to your senses” (single act); Eur. Hipp. 473 λῆγε = “ be ceasing,” μὲν κακῶν φρενῶν, | λῆξον δ ̓ ὑβρίζουσ' = “ put a stop to your haughty temper"; Lysias c. Eratosth. p. 129. 35 παύσομαι κατηγορῶν. ἀκηκόατε, ἑωράκατε, πεπόν θατε, ἔχετε, δικάζετε = “I will cease in my accusation. You have heard, you have seen, you have suffered, you have caught him. Judge him "*; Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 343. 22 ἂν δὲ μὴ δείξω . . ., ἡγεῖσθε, . . ἄφετε ="if I shall not have-shown (single act) look upon me (continued act) . . . let him go free (single act)" ; Lept. p. 483. 17 σκοπεῖτε . . . λογίσασθε = “ revolve in your minds (continued act). . . form an opinion" (single act) ; p. 494. 17 μὴ τοίνυν . . . ἐκείνους ἀφαιροῦ, δι' ἃ δ ̓ . . ., τούσδε . . . τοῦτ ̓ ἀφέλῃ = “ do not go in for depriving them (continued act); once for all (single act) deprive these men of this.”

(γ) Indefinite : Aesch. Prom. V. 783 θέλησον μηδ' ἀτιμάσῃς λόγου = “ come to a willingness: do not leave unheeded”; cf. Soph. Oed. Tyr. 649 πιθοῦ θελήσας φρονήσας τ' ἄναξ = “ give heed, showing willingness and sense”; Oed. Col. 757 θελήσας ἄστυ καὶ δόμους μολεῖν | τοὺς σοὺς πατρῴους = “showing willingness to come to”; Eur. Hec. 842 πίθου, παράσχες χεῖρα τῇ πρεσβύτιδι | τιμωρόν = “ give heed, lend” (single acts); Ar. Ach. 1021 μέτρησον εἰρήνης τί μοι =

measure out” (single act); Thuc. vi. 36. 1 τοὺς μὲν Αθηναίους ὅστις μὴ βούλεται οὕτω κακῶς φρονῆσαι ="to entertain such foolish ideas,” καὶ ὑποχειρίους ἡμῖν γενέσθαι = “ to become,” ἐνθάδε ἐλθόντας = “ coming,” ἢ δειλός ἐστιν ἢ τῇ πόλει οὐκ εὔνους.

16. Infinitive.

(β) Imperfect: Thuc. vi. 23. 3 ὅτι ἐλάχιστα τῇ τύχῃ παραδοὺς ἐμαυτὸν βούλομαι ἐκπλεῖν = “to pursue my voyage,” παρασκευῇ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰκότων ἀσφαλὴς ἐκπλεῦσαι = “ to leave harbour.” Cf. vi. 18. 4 ei δόξομεν ὑπεριδόντες τὴν ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἡσυχίαν καὶ ἐπὶ Σικελίαν ἐκπλεῦσαι ; vii. 67. 4 ἵν ̓ ἢ βιασάμενοι

G. Io vidi. F. Oh

F. E inulto | And for a further

.

x Compare, for the sentiment, with this passage of Lysias the fine passage in Alfieri Filippo ii. 5 "F. Udisti? G. Udii. F. Vedesti? rabbia ! | Dunque il sospetto ? . G. È omai certezza Filippo è ancor! G. Pensa example of Alfieri's use of a corresponding terseness of expression, his Antigone iv. 1" C. Scegliesti? A. Ho scelto. C. Emon? A. Morte. C. L'avrai."

F. Pensai. Mi segui."

supplying."

(γ) Indefinite : Soph. Oed. Tyr. 622 τί δῆτα χρήζεις; ή με
yîs ëέw Badeîv="to cast me forth" (single act), O.
ἥκιστα. θνήσκειν = “to be now dying” (continued
act),xi ov quyeîv σe="to betake yourself to exile"

xi The imperfects denote the continuance of the voyage after its first commencement; the indefinites the commencement itself.

Query, therefore, Mr. Shilleto's (ad Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 443. 13) translation of the passage from Thuc. vi. 23. 3 here cited, viz. "to commence the voyage to finish the voyage,' with the explanatory addition, "the security could only be attested by the result or completion of the act."

In Thuc. viii. 46. 3, on the other hand-kal ovк eiкòs eivaι Aakedaμovíovs ἀπὸ μὲν σφῶν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐλευθεροῦν νῦν τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἀπὸ δ ̓ ἐκείνων τῶν βαρβάρων . μn λeveрŵσα-he in the same note well translates, "to be constantly engaged in the liberation, and not to apply the principle in liberating"; and in Dem. de Fals. Leg. 443. 13 (on which his note is written) el μèv yàp προσδέξαιτο Φωκέας συμμάχους . εἰ δὲ μὴ προσδέχοιτο in case he should

66

66

but if he were loth to receive

receive the Phocians into alliance
them."
xii 1. výσкw = "I am dying: am yielding up the ghost"-a continued act.
Examples in addition to that given above are to be found in Simonides Ceus
Fr. 95; Pind. Ol. ix. 35; Soph. Oed. Tyr. 118; Phil. 1084 (åλλá μoi | kal
θνήσκοντι συνοίσει = even in the throes of death.' Schäfer (on Theocr. Epigr.
vii. 2 and Bion i. 14) is in error in seeking to make 9výσKOVтɩ here = θανόντι,
and θνάσκοντ' in the passage of Bionἀλλ ̓ οὐκ οἶδεν ̓́Αδωνις ὅ μιν θνάσκοντα
épíλaσev (see also v. 12)=0avóvт'); El. 1022; Eur. Belleroph. Fr. 7, ed.
Dind.; Phrix. Fr. 10. 2, Dind.; Palamed. Fr. 2. 6, Dind.; Simonides Amor-
ginus Fr. i. 16; Plat. Meno p. 81 B (where all the verbs used represent
continued acts); Herodas Fr. 1 (in Bergk's Poet. Lyr. Gr.)

Examples may be found in Aesch. Agam. 1303; Eum. 339; Soph. El. 1007; Trach. 73 (ποῦ δῆτα νῦν ζῶν ἢ θανὼν ἀγγέλλεται ; = “ alive or done to death." Cf. Shaksp. Much Ado v. 3, "Done to death by slanderous tongues was the Hero that here lies "); Ant. 464; Aj. 1127; Eur. Orest. 1509 (contrasted with the continued act (v).

=

"I have

3. But the necessary result of lavov = "I died is τέθνηκα died," "am in a state of death,' am dead," or, in the language of the 55th Canon (ad fin.), "am departed." Cf. the contrast in Plat. Phaedon p. 67 E between ἀποθνήσκειν "the act of dying," and rò тelvávaι = "the state of death."

4. Consequently there is in practice a constant interchange of use between @avov and Té@vηка in their respective various forms as mutually convertible expressions; the former being often used where one would have expected the latter, and-pace Dr. Verrall (ad Aesch. Ag. 1267 = 1266 ed. suae, Appendix Y)-vice versa.

5. Thus we have as examples of

(α) ἔθανον = practically Té@vηка: Hom. Il. xxii. 389; Soph. El. 368. 548; Eur. Suppl. 494; Phrix. Fr. 14, Dind.; Polyid. Fr. 7, Dind. (adapted in parody by Ar. Ran. 1477) τίς δ' οἶδεν εἰ τὸ ζῆν μέν ἐστι κατθανεῖν, | τὸ κατθανεῖν

θνήσκω and its

tenses.

(α) Perfect: Thuc. vii. 47. 1 τὴν γεγενημένην ξυμφορὰν τὴν παροῦσαν . . . ἀρρωστίαν = “ which had happened. which was existing"; Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 429. 14 ὑμεῖς . . . ἑωρακότες = “ having seen

66

καθῃρηκυίαν = “ has destroyed ". . . οἰκοδομοῦσαν ="is building". . . åpnenμévnv = "has carried off" κτησαμένην = “ earned"; Mid. p. 532. 22 τὸν ἐστεφανωμένον καὶ λειτουργοῦντα τῷ θεῷ = “ him who has donned the crown and is performing."

(B) Imperfect: Aesch. Sept. c. Theb. 1005 SOKOUνтa Kai dóέav' = "enactments passed and continuing in force, and enactments passed (simply)." Cf. Thuc. iii. 38. 2 TO TάVU SOKOûν="the decree which we have just passed and which remains part of our statute-book "; Plat. Theaet. p. 172 Β τὸ κοινῇ δόξαν τοῦτο γίγνεται ἀληθὲς τότε ὅταν δόξῃ καὶ ὅσον ἂν δοκῇ χρόνον = "that which is resolved upon in common remains true, then when the opinion has been formed and for as long as it continues a formed opinion"; Phaedon

;

ôè sŷv Káτw voμμíčeraι ;= "if life is death, and death is reckoned as life below
in quoting which passage Plato (Gorg. p. 492 E) omits the last two words and
boldly finishes with the present perfect—καὶ ἡμεῖς τῷ ὄντι ἴσως τέθναμεν
are in a state of death." Cf. Simonid. Amorg. Fr. 3 Tоλλòs yàp nμîv čσTi
τεθνάναι χρόνος, | ζῶμεν δ' ἀριθμῷ παῦρα (καὶ) κακῶς ἔτεα.

= we

(β) τέθνηκα = practically ἔθανoν : Plat. Crito p. 43 C τὸ πλοῖον ἀφίκται ἐκ Δήλου, οὗ δεῖ ἀφικομένου τεθνάναι με ; cf. Βuttm. Irreg. Gk. Vbs., s. v. θνήσκω. Stallbaum ad l. refers to Plat. Apol. p. 30 C, and on that passage, again, to Plat. Crito, p. 52 C (a passage as to which, as Buttmann (l.c.) says, "it is clear that we must not force Teovávaι "to mean to be dead"); Apol. pp. 38 E, 39 E, 41 A; Dem. de Reb. Chersones. p. 102. 5; repeated c. Phil. iv. p. 138. 7. He also compares Dem. de Cor. p. 301. 2; and he would have in such passages Te@vávaι considered as used for Ovýσкew, instead of, as Buttmann says, for Oaveiv. But query?

6. In Eur. Cresphont. Fr. 13. 3, Dind., we have the two tenses side by sideτὸν δ ̓ αὖ θανόντα καὶ πόνων πεπαυμένον. Cf. Soph. Εl. 554. 932 τοῦ τεθνηκότος ; and, in point of fact, тéovŋка generally has its own proper perfect meaning. See for examples the Scolion in Bergk's Poet. Lyr. Gr. p. 1020, ed. 2, Fr. 10; Soph. Phil. 1030; Eur. Cresphont. Fr. 10, Dind.; Plat. Apol. p. 28 D; Dem. Mid. p. 573. 12.

7. In Simonides Ceus Fr. 96. 3 either tense has its proper meaning-ovôè τεθνᾶσι θανόντες, ἐπεί σφ ̓ ἀρετὴ καθύπερθεν | κυδαίνουσ ̓ ἀνάγει δώματος ἐξ ̓Αΐδεω ="nor are they in a state of death though they have-passed through death.”

...

p. 99 Β τὰ δόξαντά μοι = “ what seems good to me”;
Herod. vi. 129 κατέχων . . ἐπισχὼν = “ seeking to
overbear . . . waiting”; ix. 120 ταῦτα ὑπισχόμενος =
“ making these promises” (single act), τον στρα-
τηγὸν . . . οὐκ ἔπειθε = “he was making no impres-
sion upon ”; Thuc. ii. 35. 1 τοῖς . . . θαπτομένοις =
“those whose funeral is proceeding”; Dem. de Fals.
Leg. p. 355. 11 ἐκ τούτων οὖν τεκμαιρόμενος =
drawing my conclusion,” ἀναστὰς καὶ παρελθὼν
ἐπειρώμην = “ I got up and came to the front and
proceeded to try,” μὲν ἀντιλέγειν, ὡς δ ̓ ἀκούειν οὐκ
ἠθέλετε = “ you were unwilling,” ήσυχίαν ἔσχον = “ Ι
fell on silence,” τοσοῦτο μόνον διαμαρτυράμενος =
“ making only thus much of a protest,” τραχέως δ'
ὑμῶν . . . σχόντων = " but you getting cross.”
(γ) Indefinite : Thuc. vi. 89. 2 ἀπειπόντων ἀναλαμ
βάνων ἐθεράπευον ὑμᾶς . . . διατελοῦντος

.. •

περιέθετε = “ rejecting . being willing to renew
it I was seeking your favour ... remaining willing
you rewarded"; Aristot. Eth. Nic. i. 4. 2, 3
περὶ δὲ τῆς εὐδαιμονίας, τί ἐστιν οὐχ ὁμοίως οἱ
πολλοὶ τοῖς σοφοῖς ἀποδιδόασιν πολλάκις δὲ
καὶ ὁ αὐτὸς ἕτερον· νοσήσας μὲν γὰρ ὑγίειαν, πενόμενος
δὲ πλοῦτον = “ if he falls sick . . . if he is in a state
of poverty."

...

18. The conjunction of the past imperfect tense of the verb εἰμί “I am ” with the particle ἄρα gives rise to an expression which easily and naturally slides in point of meaning into a present tense, e.g.

Theognis 788 οὕτως οὐδὲν ἄρ ̓ ἦν φίλτερον ἄλλο πάτρης = “ to
such an extent was it true after all": 66
= I was it true, as now
appears” = “is_it true”; Eur. Τro. 109 ὡς οὐδὲν ἄρ ̓ ἦσθα

=

1

“ how worthless are you after all!” Ar. Pac. 566 νὴ Δί' ἡ γὰρ σφύρα λαμπρὸν ἦν ἄρ ̓ ἐξωπλισμένη, | αἵ τε θρίνακες διαστίλβουσι πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον=“ it was after all” – “ it is” (note the conjunction with ἦν ἄρα of the present διαστίλ βουσι) ; Dem. Callicr. p. 1272. 1 οὐκ ἦν ἄρ ̓. χαλεπώτερον οὐδὲν ἢ κ.τ.λ. "there is not."

=

...

See other examples in Heindorf's note on Plat. Phaedon p. 68 B: “Illud certum puto,” he says, “ his locis omnibus praesens quoque poni potuisse: usurpari autem ἦν ἄρα pro ἐστὶν ibi fere, ubi contra quam expectaverit aliquis, rem habere se reperit."

Even without ἄρα, we have ἦσαν

66

=

were, as we said":

=

ἣν ἄρα.