ἔπλεον. ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται, sim. δή. Thục. iii. 81. 6. dides let the following points in connection with it be further noted. 11. (1) énλeov—past imperfect = " were on this cruise": not, as Arnold says, "when the ships sailed." 12. (2) Nor does he seem to be right in considering "that év Tois added to the superlative qualifies instead of strengthening its proper force: that év Tоîs рTov signifies 'one of the first, and ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖστοι signify some of the first, some of the most numerous.'" The fact seems to be the other way. Thus Thuc. iii. 81. 6 οὕτως ὠμὴ cxxvia στάσις προσχώρησε, καὶ ἔδοξε μᾶλλον, διότι ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο = 480 sanguinary a sedition it advanced": "so sanguinary a sedition it became as it advanced; and it was all the more conspicuous, because it was the very first of the series"; Plat. Sympos. p. 178 A 877.—after a statement, with reference to Eros, Tò yàp év τοῖς πρεσβύτατον εἶναι τὸν θεὸν τίμιον : and a reference to Hesiod (Theog. 116), the effect of which is summed up in the words φησὶ μετὰ τὸ χάος δύο τούτω γενέσθαι, γῆν τε καὶ Ἔρωτα—Παρμενίδης δὲ τὴν γένεσιν λέγει, ‘Πρώτιστον μὲν Ἔρωτα θεῶν μητίσατο πάντων. Ἡσιόδῳ δὲ καὶ Ακου σίλεως ὁμολογεῖ, οὕτω πολλαχόθεν ὁμολογεῖται ὁ Ἔρως ἐν τοῖς πρεσβύτατος εἶναι. πρεσβύτατος δὲ ὢν μεγίστων ἀγαθῶν ἡμῖν αἴτιός ἐστιν—whence it is clear that ἐν τοῖς TрEσ BUTаTOS="the very oldest," and not one of the oldest." Arnold, in support of his view, asks, "if év rois #λeiraι be even more than the ordinary superlative degree, what shall we say to eτɩ λeíovs following immediately after it?" The answer is, that he is forgetting that the whole emphasis of the passage rests in and upon the apa: and what Thucydides is insisting upon is, that the ships employed upon the particular service in question were the largest number which the Athenians ever had, which at one and the same time fulfilled the double requisite of effectiveness and handsomeness: although in point of mere numbers of vessels, of one sort or another, all taken together, they had had about as many and even more at the beginning of the war. 13. (3) dý="as you must know":"you will remember": "you should note.' As Arnold justly says "The object of the cxxvia For the absence of the article, distasteful to Dobree (Advers. i. 57), cf. i. 23. 2 τούτου δὲ τοῦ πολέμου μῆκος . . . μέγα προέβη= " a great length of this war advanced": "this war as it advanced developed itself into so great a length," and Mr. Shilleto's note. whole chapter is merely to bring in what Thucydides had forgotten to mention in its proper place . . . This omission, which a modern writer would supply in an appendix or in a note, is supplied by Thucydides in the body of his narrative"; and the d is used as the appropriate conjunction wherewith to call the reader's attention to it. 14. (4) ἅμα ἐνεργοὶ κάλλει: ἅμα νέοι γεραιτέροις. Consider, in Italian, the following use of esso : Boccaccio Decam. ii. 5 (a woman to her assumed brother) cxxvib 1. "Esso," it is said in the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca (by Manuzzi: Florence 1836), s.v. esso, “congiungesi talora colla preposizione con e sta adverbialmente, e non ha riguardo nè a genere, nè a numero, e vale Insieme, e in un medesimo tempo. Lat. cum, simul." For which proposition examples are given, one of which, however,-Boccaccio Decam. viii. 8 "Avvenne che Spinelloccio usando molto in casa del Zeppa e essendovi il Zeppa e non essendovi, per sì fatta maniera con la moglie del Zeppa si dimesticò, che egli incominciò a giacersi con esso lei"-to which may be added Il Lasca Le Cene i. 9 "onde spesso accadeva che il detto Brancazio si giaceva con esso lei"-is very like some of those above cited, and otherwise here explained. Still we do find instances like Dante Purgat. iv. 26 "montasi su Bismantova in cacume | con esso i piè"; Parabosco I Diporti: i. Ragionam. p. 12 "essendo quivi ridutti una mattina per tempo, ed avendo con esso loro fatto arrecare vettovaglia. . ."; Id. ib. ii. 12 p. 89. 31 "io (a lady) ho desiderato parlare con esso voi (a man) per sapere ciò che averrà di me"; ii. 12 p. 92. 36 ahimè che con esso lei non hanno potuto le mie si amare lagrime acquistarmi, non dirò qualche mercede, ma tanto di pietà!" etc., where esso is used with scant regard to gender or number, and which do lend themselves to the explanation given by the Academicians. 2. But this is only "talora"; and the case is not always so. Gender and number alike are properly observed in the following examples, which, amongst other examples from other writers, the present writer has noted ἅμα ἐνεργοὶ κάλλει. Con esso meco, me, teco, lei,noi, voi, oro (feminines) in Italian. Esso-in Italian. 15. Compare too Aesch. Prom. V. 920 τοῖον παλαιστὴν νῦν παρεσκευάζεται † ἐπ ̓ αὐτὸς αὐτῷ: and also ib. 276 πρὸς ἄλλοτ ̓ ἄλλον πημονὴ προσιζάνει. And also . Hom. Il. v. 219 πρίν γ ̓ ἐπὶ νὰ τῷδ ̓ ἀνδρὶ . .; x. 224 καί τε πρὸ ὁ τοῦ ἐνόησεν. 211. So all the authorities. "Vulgo ein," says Arnold ad l., in merely the first thirteen novels of Parabosco's I Diporti; from which several i. 9 p. 71. 4 "come con essa meco, ed ora," etc. i. 1 (heading) p. 18 "dopo gran querela fatta con essa lei, se stesso avvelena." i. 1 p. 24 med. "oltre ciò aveva saputo Fioretta essere stata a diporto con essa Lodovica"; ib. p. 25. 4 "ma nè di questo nè d' altro le volle parlare prima che solo con essa sola non si ritirasse"; i. 5 p. 52. 12 "tolta la fante con essa in compagnia." ii. 13 p. 99. 6 "e poscia di molti anni insieme con essi loro felicemente si visse." So Dante Purgat. xxiv. 97 "tal si parti da noi con maggior valchi: | ed io rimasi in via con essi due | che fur del mondo si gran maliscalchi." 3. It would ill become a foreigner even to seem to suggest to Italian linguists how to explain the anomalies in their own language. The present writer, however, would respectfully venture to submit for their consideration, whether some at least of the apparent anomalies in the use of esso, in particular, such as those in § 14 of the above note-are not in fact no anomalies at all, but merely a somewhat unusual placement of the word, for the purpose of emphasising it, in the manner treated of in that note. 4. A remarkable instance, not yet mentioned, may be added from Parabosco I Diporti ii. 10 p. 80, 34 "chiamata una delle guardie, disse per cose importantissime al signore voler parlare; onde fu, senza saper alcuno chi ella si fusse, condotta avanti al padre di Gasparo, al quale disse voler di secreto alcune cose troppo importanti appalesare; ond' egli ancora non conoscendola, con esso lei solo si ritrasse in una stanza. Here solo can hardly be said not to belong to esso. Compare con essa sola cited above from i. 1 p. 25. 4; and add i. 7 p. 61. 1 credendovi al usato . . . ritrovarvi sola essa Conscienza con qualche mammola." If solo belongs to esso, ess, can hardly be said to be used adverbially in conjunction with con; which ir, its turn must govern lei. And the doctrine of colocation for the sake of emphasis would seem to be the sole key to the construction; which=esso solo con lei. who nevertheless prefers to "follow Bekker and Dobree in reading"; adding in his Annot. Crit. " B. Goell. Dobraeus" (Advers. i. p. 99) "Poppo in adnott. p. 666": i.e. by correction only. Of which there is no need. See further note 196a. 7 above. 212. BouλowTo L.O.P.," says Arnold; "male," says Dobree, Advers. i. pp. 111, 112; rightly. The MSS. in question are only three of minor note, and stand by themselves in this particular case. There is, however, a mixture of constructions in the use of ὅτι and the infinitive πεποιῆσθαι. 213. The reported form of ei bow. 212, Thục. V. 46. 3. 213. Thục. iv. 27. 5. C. TO THE LATIN LANGUAGE 214. 1. "Fabellas Latinas," says Cicero (de Fin. i. 2. 4), “ad verbum e Graecis expressas quis.. tam inimicus paene nomini Romano est, qui Ennii Medeam aut Antiopam Pacuvii spernat aut rejiciat?" 2. The passage of Ennius before us is not, however, an instance of close translation, although it shows that Ennius knew how to use his own language. Numquam ecferret pedem, "never would have been carrying her foot away"-a continuing act-is perfectly right in itself. It is, none the less, not a close translation of the Euripidean (Med. 6) οὐ γὰρ ἂν δέσποιν' ἐμὴ | Μήδεια πύργους γῆς Eλevo' 'Iwλkias="would have set sail," single act. 3. As to the later versions of Greek Comedies by the Latin Comic writers, see below note 235. 3. 215. 1. On si and ei and their congeners, see above notes 24 and 25. Latin relative 2. The identity in use, which in the latter note, paras. 6 sqq., has been mentioned as markedly existing in Greek and relatival particles (si the between the relative and the relatival particle on the one hand identity of their and ei on the other, has its parallel, in Latin, in the usage of the like pronouns and particles on the one hand and si on the other. 3. Thus, examples are given in the Text § 175 of the use of the past subjunctive, expressive of recurrence, with si. uses. And the following as examples of a like use with relatival particles = Plant Bacch. 431. R. 327 de de hippodamo et palaestra anetterie prae initus in sella sput magem adsiders: Liv. i 32 Mah dirimet, bustan in ina sorm eittebat; x 19 postremo al id ventum insplae eat, at lora detractasyse satis pelles, ati fervida mollient ayna maniere ocparenter: 42 chi vero dimicarent, is habitus animorum non inter ejusdem modo eon Mtionis homines erat, sed etiam inter spectantes valgo. Liv. xxi 28 nihil sane trepidabant, donec continenti velut ponte agerentur. Þ.in. Ep. i. 12. 7 habebat hoe moris, quotiens intrasset filelior amiens; Tax Aum, xiii. 3 nec in Claudio, quotiens meditata dissererentur, elegantiam requireres; x 18 quotiens ipse illuc ventitaret, saeptus turba centurionum et post breve calum digrediens. 4. The authors, however, of the best period seem to have preferred to use the past indicative in such cases rather than the past subjunctive. Thus Cic. Verr. ii. v. 10. 27 quum autem ver esse coeperat . . .. dabat se labori atque itineribus. Caes. Bell. Gall. iv. 26 hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex littore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur. Liv. xxi. 42 ut cujusque sors exciderat, alacer inter gratulantes gaudio exsultans cum sui moris tripudiis arma raptim capiebat. 5. For the similar use, after si, of the indicative, in cases expressive of repeated action, see the examples in the Text, para. 171 passim. 6. Livy, as will have been seen, hovers between the two usages. 7. Again, examples are given in the Text § 179 of the use of the present subjunctive with si. Add the following as an example of a like use with the relatival particle ubi :— Plaut. Aulul. ii. 2. 52 ubi técum conjunctús siem, |úbi onus nequeam férre pariter, jáceam ego asinus in luto: | tú bos me magis haút respicias, gnátus quasi numquám siem: | ét te utar iniquiore, et meús me ordo irrídeat: | neútrubi habeam stábile stabulum, sí quid divortí fuat: |ásini me mordicibus scindant, bóves incursent córnibus = "when I shall haply have become your connection, I shall haply lie, etc.” |