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Natus ad Euphraten, molles quod in aure fenestræ 105 Arguerint, licet ipse negem? Sed quinque tabernæ

Quadringenta parant. Quid confert purpura majors -
Optandum, si Laurenti custodit in agro

Conductas Corvinus oves? Ego possideo plus Pallante et Licinis." Exspectent ergo tribuni; 110 Vincant divitiæ: sacro nec cedat honori,

Nuper in hanc urbem pedibus qui venerat albis;
Quandoquidem inter nos sanctissima Divitiarum
Majestas: etsi funesta Pecunia templo.

Nondum habitas, nullas numorum ereximus aras, 115 Ut colitur Pax atque Fides, Victoria, Virtus, Quæque salutato crepitat Concordia nido.

104. An immense number of slaves came from Armenia, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia, and the countries through which the Euphrates flowed. PR.

Among the Orientals, even men used to wear ear-rings for ornament. Plin. xi. 37. incedunt cum annulatis auribus; Plaut. Pæn. 14. PR. The boring of the ear was, among many eastern nations, a sign of servitude; see Exodus, xxi. 6. This expression may be put by hypallage for fenestræ in aure molli, according to the proverb auricula mollior; Cic. ad Q. Fr. ii. 15. or from being a sign of softness in the wearer. GR. R.

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105. I have five shops in the Forum which are let for as much as a knight's estate.' VS. T. Tiberio imperante constitutum ne quis in equestri ordine conseretur, nisi cui ingenuo ipsi, patri, avoque paterno sestertia quadringenta census fuisset; Plin. xxxiii. 2. PR. xiv. 323 sqq. R.

106.The greater purple' may be either the consulship, as toga major; Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 656. or the broad-bordered tunic of the senator,' as purpura latior and latus clavus; Plin. Ep. ii. 9. major cl.; Stat. Silv. III. ii. 124. felix p.; Mart. VIII. viii. 4. and on the other hand pauper and angustus el. denote the equestrian order; Stat. Silv. V. ii. 18. Vell. ii. 88. But under the Cæsars this distinction was less rigidly observed. cf. Suet. Aug. 38. Ner. 26. Dom. 10. Plin. xxxiii. 1. R. Id. ix. 36 sqq. PR. [Livy xxvii, 19, 8. ED.]

108. Corvinus, descended from the Valerian clan. cf. viii. 5. R.

109. Pallas, an Arcadian, was a freed

man of Claudius and immensely rich. Suet. Claud. 28. Tac. An. xii. 53. xiv. 65. Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 10. Plin. Ep. vii. 29. viii. 6. He was put to death by Nero for his wealth. VS. R.

Licinius, a German, was a freedman of Augustus; he was likewise very rich: xiv. 306. but there were also wealthy families of the Licinian clan, viz. the Calvi Stolones; Liv. vii. 16. and the Crassi Divites. PR. R. Pers. ii. 36. VS. GRÆ. G.

110. Virtus post nummos; Hor. I Ep. i. 54. GR. omnis enim res, virtus, fuma, decus, divina humanaque, pulchris divitiis parent; quas qui contraxerit, ille clarus erit, fortis, justus. Sapiensne? Etiam : et rex, et quicquid volet; Id. II S. iii. 94. Et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est; Id. v. 8. PR.

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The tribunes were sacrosancti inviolable;' Liv. ii. 33. iii. 19. 55. Dionys. vi. 89. vii. 17. If any one injured them by word or deed, he was held accursed, and his goods were confiscated. AD. R.

111. Vilissimum est cretæ genus, qua pedes venalium trans mare advectorum denotare majores instituerant; Plin. H. N. Xxxv. 17. Regnum ipse tenet, quem sæpe coegit barbara gypsatos ferre catasta pedes; Tib. II. iii. 59. Pers. vi. 78. cf. v. 53. vii. 16. 120. Suet. Aug. 69. This white mark was the signature either of the slavemerchant, or of the proprietor, or of the republic. BRO. SA. PR. R.

113. Pecunia, the cause of many a death,' was deified; and universally worshipped; though enshrined only in the hearts of her votaries. VS. T. PR.

116. At the temple of Concord was

Sed quum summus honor finito computet anno,
Sportula quid referat, quantum rationibus addat;
Quid facient comites, quibus hinc toga, calceus hinc est
120 Et panis fumusque domi? Densissima centumad
Quadrantes lectica petit, sequiturque maritum

Languida vel prægnans et circumducitur uxor.
Hic petit absenti, nota jam callidus arte,

conjuge sellam.

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Ostendens vacuam et clausam dimitte. Moraris ?".

125" Galla mea est" inquit: "Cifius

"Profer Galla caput." "Noli vexare, quiescit." Ipse dies pulcro distinguitur ordine rerum: Sportula, deinde forum jurisque peritus Apollo Atque triumphalés, inter quas ausus habere 130 Nescio quis titulos Ægyptius atque Arabarches,

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119. See 46. Mart. III. xxx. R. These poor dependents had looked to this as a means of paying their tailor's, shoemaker's, baker's, and coalmerchant's bills.'

120. Mart. XIII. xv. III. xxx. 3. R. 121. A crowd of litters brings petitioners.' PR. See 95. R.

124. See 65. PR. 125. Galla is supposed to be the wife's name. M.

With inquit understand maritus. PR. 126. Put out your head,' says the dispenser, (because this was a stale trick' nota ars). 'Don't disturb her;' says the husband; I dare say, she is asleep.' LU. Or the whole line may be assigned to the husband only.

127. The ordinary routine of the day's employment is made much the same by Martial; prima salutantes atque altera continet hora. Exercet raucos tertia causidicos. In quintam varios extendit Roma labores: sexta quies lassis, septima finis erit. Sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palæstris: imperat exstructos frangere nona toros. Hora libellorum decima

est; IV. viii. PR.

128. The clients attended their patron to the forum' of Augustus, in which there was an ivory statue of Apollo (Plin. xxxvi. 5. vii. 53. Hor. I. S. ix. 78.); who is called juris peritus from the number of pleadings, at which he must have been present. Hence also we have Marsyan caussidicum; Mart. II. lxiv. 8. Hor. I S. vi. 119. In the same spot Augustus had erected the triumphal statues' of the greatest generals; Suet. Aug. 29. VS. 31. BRI. GR. PR. R.

130. An effigy with an inscription on the pedestal:' claraque dispositis acla subesse viris; Ov. F. v. 566. GR.

Arabarches. There is much uncertainty here both as to the text, and as to the person intended. He may be either (1) Crispinus (v. 26), who was created Prince of Arabia by Domitian, Schol. MS. He might also be called the Arch-Arabian, sarcastically, as worst of all the Arab slaves. LU. or (2) Tib. Alexander, who was governor of Egypt, brother or nephew of Philo Judæus, procurator of Judæa, and a Roman knight. Tac. H. i. 11. ii. 79. Eus. ii. GY. AL. FA. HO. G. or (3) Josephus, to whom Vespasian granted a triumphal statue. Hieronym. FL. PA. Then with regard to the word itself, it is doubted whether it should be Arabarches or Alabarches; see F. and R's ex

cursus.

Cujus ad effigiem non tantum mejere fas est. Vestibulis abeunt veteres lassique clientes Votaque deponunt, quamquam longissima cœnæ Spes homini. Caules miseris atque ignis emendus. 135 Optima silvarum interea pelagique vorabit Rex horum vacuisque toris tantum ipse jacebit. Nam de tot pulcris et latis orbibus et tam

131. Pers. i. 114. PR. 'It is allowable to commit any nuisance.' vi. 309. BRI. R.

132. See 95 sq. Veteres is in aggravation of the neglect. R. The two classes of patron and client comprehended nearly all the citizens of Rome. A patron was a man of rank and fortune, under whose care the meaner people voluntarily put themselves, and, in consequence of it, were denominated his clients. The patron assisted his client with his influence and advice, and the client, in return, gave his vote to his patron, when he sought any office for himself or friends. The client owed his patron respect, the patron owed his client protection. The early Romans threw a sanctity around this obligation on the patron's part. It was expressly enforced by a a law of the Twelve Tables: patronus si clienti fraudem fecerit, sacer esto. Virgil, many ages after, places the unjust patron in Tartarus, among the violators of natural and moral decorum: hic quibus invisi fratres, pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti; E.vi.608. This state of mutual dependence, which commenced with the monarchy, was productive of the happiest effects; till, as riches and pride increased, new duties were imposed on the clients: they were harassed with constant attendance, and mortified by neglect; in a word, they were little better than slaves. G.

133. Deponere is opposed to suscipere.

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while there is life there is hope.' Hence it was that to Hadrian's question What is the longest thing?' Epictetus answered Hope.' R.

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134. With their paltry dole they have to buy a bunch of greens and a little firewood on their way home; and then they must wait till the vegetables are boiled, before they can appease their hunger.'

136. Baridus, Lucian repeatedly; dooras. Id. Nigr. Rex; v. 14. 137. viii. 161. Hor. I Ep. xvii. 43. Mart. III. vii. 5. V. xxii. 14. dominus; v. 81. 92. 147. R. Seneca somewhere says that good cheer, without a friend to partake of it, is the entertainment of a wild beast and Alexis abuses a man for being μονοφάγος. G.

Ipse, as auris. cf. Aristoph. Th. 472.

541.

At their meals, the men used to recline on sofas, and the ladies sat in chairs. BO. cf. note on ii. 120. R.

137. See 75. Orbis denotes the slab of a round table;' xi. 122. 173. cf. iv. 132. Mart. II. xliii. 9 sq. IX. lx. 7

sqq. Their tables were originally square; v. 2. Varr. iv. 25. R. It was the ancient fashion to place before the guests tables with the viands, and not to change the dishes on the table. They had two tables, one with the meat, &c. the other with the dessert. When they had eaten as much meat as they wished, the table itself was withdrawn, and the second course or dessert was placed before them on a fresh table. The square tables went out of fashion with the triclinia. The new-fashioned couch was of a semicircular form called sigma, from its shape C; and it held seven or eight persons; Mart. X. xlviii. 5 sq. XIV. xxxvii. to suit these, round tables were introduced. As luxury advanced the number of tables was increased (sometimes they had a fresh table with every course); and the guests either remained

Antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa.
Nullus jam parasitus erit! Sed quis ferat istas
140 Luxuriæ sordes? Quanta est gula, quæ sibi totos
Ponit apros, animal propter convivia natum!
convivia`natum
Pœna tamen præsens, quum tu deponis amictus
Turgidus et crudum pavonem in balnea portas.
Hinc subitæ mortes atque intestata senectus.
145 It nova nec tristis per cunctas fabula cœnas:
Ducitur iratis plaudendum funus amicis.
These Nil erit ulterius, quod nostris moribus addat
Posteritas: eadem cupient facientque minores.

in the same place while the tables were changed, or else removed to the fresh tables; which latter Martial calls ambulans cœna; VII. xlviii. Both the number and size of these tables is here noticed. The diameter of the table, which consisted of a single slab, would depend on the size of the citron tree. And the beauty of the wood consisted in the number of its knots and veins. Whence Petronius says, citrearum mensarum Africa emtarum maculas mutari auro viliori, et censum ita turbari. Their antiquity too is not overlooked they had been famous in the family for several generations. And yet amidst all this profusion, one single course cost a fortune! There seems an allusion to the gluttony of Clodius Esopus, the actor, and his son. Plin. ix. 35. x. 51. Hor. II S. iii. 239 sqq. HN. Plut. Luc. p. 318 sq. Anton. V. p. 149. Suet. Cal. 37. Vit. 13. R. LU. LI. AD.

139. The parasite' (agà σirov) paid for his dinner by flattery of his host. PR. Terence has given a masterly portrait of such a character in his Gnatho. M.

'One consolation is, that the breed of parasites will become extinct! and yet it may be questioned whether even a parasite could sit still and see such a disgusting exhibition of selfish gluttony.'

140. O quanta est gula, centies comesse ! Mart. V. lxx. 5. memorabile magni gutturis exemplum; ii. 113. R. P. Servilius Rullus was the first who had a wild boar dressed whole. Plin. viii. 51. PR. cf. v. 116. Suet. Tib. 34. Mart. VII. lix. It was often the top dish. Antony had eight served up; Plut. Caranus had one to each guest; Ath. iv. 1. R.

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141. Suillum pecus donatum ab natura dicunt ad epulandum; Var. R. R. II. iv. 10. PR. A certain philosopher conjectured that is was the same as fùs. s εἰς θύσιν καὶ σφαγὴν μόνον ἐπιτήδειον Clem. Al. Strom. ii. For a banquet, not for a solitary meal.' R.

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Natis in usum lætitiæ scyphis pugnare; Hor. I Od. xxvii. 1. PR. Oves, placidum pecus, inque tuendos natum homines; Ov. M. xv. 116 sq. M. boves, animal natum tolerare labores; Id. 120 sq. [Livy xxii, 4, 3. ED.]

142. Culpam pœna premit comes; Hor. IV Od. v. 24. GR. III Od. ii. 31 sq. R. hinc (ex ebrietate) pallor et genæ pendulæ, oculorum ulcera, tremulæ manus effundentes plena vasa; et quam sit pœna præsens, furiales somni et inquies nocturna ostendunt; Plin. xiv. 22. BRI.

Primus Q. Hortensius augurali cana dicitur pavones posuisse. Quorum pretia statim extulerunt multi, ita ut ova eorum denariis venirent quinis, ipsi fucile quinquagenis; Macr. Sat. iii. 13. PR. The flesh of this bird is very indigestible. Aug. de Civ. D. xxi. 4. ÅS.

143. Pers. iii. 98 sqq. PR. crudi tumidique lavemur; Hor. I Ep. vi. 61. M. 145. Avarus, nisi cum moritur, non recte facit. GRE.

146. Tristia funera ducunt; Virg. G. iv. 256. Pers. 105 sq. cf. Eund. vi. 33 sq. LU. The friends are annoyed, both at the selfishness of the deceased, and at their having no legacies from him. M.

147. See 87. R.

148. Minores, understand natu, M. ii. 146. viii. 234. opposed to veteres; xiv. 189. to majores; Ov. Tr. IV. x. 55. R.

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Omne in præcipiti vitium stetit. Utere velis; 150 Totos pande sinus. Dicas hic forsitan "Unde Ingenium par materia? unde illa priorum Scribendi, quodcumque animo flagrante liberet, Simplicitas, cujus non audeo dicere nomen? Quid refert dictis ignoscat Mucius, an non? 155 Pone Tigellinum, tæda lucebis in illa,

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Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture fumant, e.
Et latum media sufcum diducis arena."

149. The climax is now complete: vice has reached its acme.' [Livy xxiv, 7, 1. ED.]

The poet here encourages himself to give full scope to his indignation in a familiar metaphor. cf. Virg. G. ii. 41. iv. 117. Hor. I Od. xxxiv. 4. II Od. x. 23. IV Od. xv. 4. &c. R.

150. From unde to arena, 157. is an anticipation of the objections supposed to be made by a friend. BRI.

151. Observe the hiatus in materiæ unde. See ii. 26. iii. 70. v. 158. vi. 247. 468. &c. R.

Priores viz. Eupolis, Cratinus, Aristophanes, Lucilius, Cato Censorinus, Terentius Varro, and Horace. PR. cf. Hor. II S. i. 62. R.

153. Simplicitas, apinoia. utterable name' was libertas. cf. Suet. Cal. 27. PR.

The un

BRI.

154. See Pers. i. 114 sq. T. Mucius Albutius had sufficient magnanimity and wisdom to disregard the attacks of Lucilius; but had it been otherwise, the satirist would have little to dread from his resentment.' VS. M.

155. Dare to put down the name of Tigellinus, and you will be treated as an incendiary.' C. Offonius Tigellinus of Agrigentum was recommended to the notice of Nero by his debaucheries. After the murder of Burrhus, he suc ceeded to the command of the prætorian guards, and abused his ascendancy over the emperor to the most dreadful purposes. He afterwards betrayed him; by which, and other acts of perfidy, he secured himself during Galba's short reign. He was put to death by Otho, to the great joy of the people, and died, as he had lived, a profligate and a coward. See 59. Who is here designated by the name of Tigellinus, cannot now be known; even in Trajan's reign there were de

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Tada-fumant. The dreadful fire, which laid waste a great part of Rome in the reign of Nero, was found to have broken out in the house of Tigellinus. His notorious intimacy with the emperor corroborated the general suspicion that the conflagration was owing to design. Nero was exasperated at the discovery, and to avert the odium from his favourite, basely taxed the Christians with setting fire to the house. Thousands of those innocent victims were sacrificed in consequence: multitudo ingens convicti sunt: et pereuntibus addita ludibria, ut ferarum tergis contecti, laniatu canum interirent, aut crucibus adfixi, aut flammandi; atque, ubi defecisset dies, in usum nocturni luminis urerentur: hortos suos ei spectaculo Nero obtulerat, et circense ludicrum edebat; Tac. An. xv. 44. G. This was called tunica punire molesta; viii. 235. BRO. circumdati defixis corporibus ignes; Sen. de Ira, iii. 3. LI. cogita illam tunicam alimentis ignium illitam et intextam, et quicquid præter hæc sævitia commenta est; 1. ad Lucil. PR. Id. Ep. xiv. R.

157. Homines defoderunt in terram dimidiatos, ignemque circumposuerunt; ita interfecerunt; Cat.ap.Gell.iii. 14. GRO. [Supposing this to be the case here, we may read (or, at any rate, interpret) the line thus; Et latum medius sulcum diducis arena. cf. Livy v, 38; xxi,55,5; (DR.)xliv,33. ED.] The ground in which the stake was fixed appears to have been more or less excavated; pana Flavii Veiano Nigro tribuno mandatur, is proximo in agro scrobem effodi jussit, quam Flavius ut humilem et angustam increpabat; Tac. An. xv. Scrobem sibi fieri corum imperat dimen

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