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Qui dedit ergo tribus patruis aconita, vehatur
Pensilibus plumis atque illinc despiciat nos?
160 "Quum veniet contra, digito compesce labellum.
Accusator erit, qui verbum dixerit, HIC EST.
Securus licet Æneam Rutulumque ferocem
Committas: nulli gravis est percussus Achilles,
Aut multum quæsitus Hylas urnamque sequutus.
165 Ense velut stricto quoties Lucilius ardens
Infremuit, rubet auditor, cui frigida mens est
Criminibus; tacita sudant præcordia culpa.
Inde iræ et lacrumæ. Tecum prius ergo voluta
Hæc animo ante tubas: galeatum sero duelli

sus ad corporis sui modulum ipse Nero; Suet. Ner. 49. These executions often took place in the centre of the arena of the amphitheatre.' Suet. Cal. 7. PR. nemo spectator miseras voluptates unco et ignibus expiavit; Plin. Pan. xxxiii. 3. R. or You labour in vain, as if you were ploughing the sand.' cf. vii. 48 sq. M.

158. Here the author replies indignantly. LU. See 67. PR. 'Wolf'sbane' may be put for poison generally: lurida terribiles miscent aconita norercæ; Ov. Met. i. 147. M. Id. vii. 418 sqq. Virg. G. ii. 152. R.

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159. On pensile couch of down.' VS. 160. The friend now speaks. Contra in your way;' Mart. V. iv. 5. XIV. lxii. R.

161. He will be regarded in the light of an accuser, who shall but have whispered "That's he"! H. even although these words are generally used in a favourable sense; as Pers. i. 28. Mart. V. xiii. 3. R. or If a person does but say "That's he!" he will have an information laid against him.' PR.

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162. You may without apprehension handle epic themes.' The Rutulian' is Turnus. PR. cf. Hor. II S. i. 10 sqq. R. Nos enim, qui in foro verisque litibus terimur, multum malitiæ, quamvis nolimus, addiscimus: schola et auditorium, ut ficta causa, ita res inermis innoxia est; Plin. There is the same idea in the Knight of the Burning Pestle : "Prol. By your

sweet favour we intend no harm to the city. Cit. No, sir! yes, sir. If you were not resolved to play the jack, what need you study for new subjects purposely to abuse your betters? Why could

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164. Sought for by Hercules and the Argonauts.' Virg. E. vi. 43 sq. PR. G. iii. 6. R.

165. Secuit Lucilius urbem; Pers. i. 114. PR. Hor. I S. iv. 1 sqq. II S. i. 62 sqq. R. cf. Suet. Cal. 53. Hor. III Od. i. 17 sqq. In Randolph's Entertainment there is an admirable paraphrase of this passage: "When I but frown'd in my Lucilius' brow, Each conscious cheek grew red, and a cold trembling Freezed the chill soul, while every guilty breast Stood, fearful of dissection, as afraid To be anatomized by that skilful hand, And have each artery, nerve, and vein of sin, By it laid open to the public scorn." G.

166. It shudders;' the blood runs cold.' M. formidine turpi frigida corda tremunt; Sil. ii. 338. R.

168. Hinc illæ lacruma! Ter. And. I. i. 99. GRÆ.

Virg. Æ. iv. 533. vi. 158. 185. R.

169. Tubas is here put for classica' the sounds of the trumpet.' GRÆ. cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus; Virg. Æ.

have

170 Pœnitet." Experiar, quid concedatur in illos, Quorum Flaminia tegitur cinis atque Latina.

xi. 424. cf. Sil. ix. 52. Claud. in Ruf. i. 333. de L. Stil. i. 192. R. Juvenal is very fond of adopting Virgilian expressions; see 61. ii. 99. 100. vi. 44. (cf. i. 36.) xii. 94. &c. HR.

Galeatus denotes not merely a soldier,' as in viii. 238. but one who has buckled on his helmet (cf. vi. 252.); since it appears from Trajan's Pillar, that before soldiers went into battle, their helmets were suspended from the right shoulder. HR.

Sero; compare St Luke xiv. 31. Duellum is the ancient form of bellum, and hence the word perduellis. F.

170. The Poet declares that he will,

wage war on the dead alone. PR. Hall, on the contrary, says, "I will not ransack up the quiet grave, Nor burn dead bones as he example gave; I tax the living, let the ashes rest, Whose faults are dead, and nailed in their chest." Yet Hall, like Juvenal, makes use of the names of those departed. G.

171. 'The Flaminian and Latin ways,' as well as the Appian, were adorned on either side with the sepulchres of many illustrious men: VS. v. 55. for the laws of the Twelve Tables prohibited sepulture within the walls. The Latin way led to Sinuessa. PR.

SATIRE II.

ARGUMENT.

This Satire, in point of time, was probably the first which Juvenal wrote. It contains an irregular but animated attack upon the hypocrisy of philosophers and reformers; whose wickedness it exposes with just severity, 1-28. Domitian here becomes the hero : and the poet must have had an intrepid spirit to produce and circulate, though but in private, such a faithful picture of that ferocious tyrant, at once the censor and the pattern of profligacy, 29 sqq. The corruption, beginning at the head, is represented as rapidly spreading downwards, 34–81. Such was the depravity and impiety, that a club was formed to dress up as females and burlesque the rites of the Good Goddess, 82-114. There were even instances of men marrying each other, 115–142. and of Roman nobles degrading themselves by playing the gladiator, 143–148. Infidelity was now universal. How would the heroes of primitive Rome receive in the shades below their degenerate posterity! 149-158. Even the victorious progress of the Roman arms served but to diffuse corruption more widely, 159–170. G. R.

There is a close correspondence between this Satire and Dio Chrysost. zigi expares Orat. Alex. hab. HN.

ULTRA Sauromatas fugere hinc libet et glacialem
Oceanum, quoties aliquid de moribus audent,
Qui Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt,
Indocti primum; quamquam plena omnia gypso
5 Chrysippi invenias. Nam perfectissimus horum est,
Si quis Aristotelem similem vel Pittacon emit,
.....! Et jubet archetypos pluteum servare Cleanthas.
Fronti nulla fides. Quis enim non vicus abundat
Tristibus obscoenis? Castigas turpia, quum sis

1. Fain would I flee.' cf. xv. 171 sq. Prop. II. xxx. 2. R. Hor. III Od. x. 1.

The Sauromatæ, or Sarmatæ, (iii. 79. Herod. iv. 21. &c.) inhabited the banks of the Tanais and Borysthenes; GR. PR. the province of Astracan.

The icy or northern ocean: et qua bruma rigens ac nescia vere remitti, adstringit Scythico glacialem frigore pontum; Luc. i. 17. M.

2. Understand docere, scribere, aut disputare. GR. In this line, as in vv. 40, 63, and 121, there is a side blow at the Perpetual Censorship which Domitian had assumed. HR.

3. Simulare to pretend to be what one is not;' dissimulare to pretend not to be what one is.'

M'. Curius Dentatus, thrice consul, conqueror of the Sabines, Samnites, Lucanians, and Pyrrhus, was a pattern of frugality and integrity. Val. Maxim. iv. 3, 5. Plin. xviii. 3. PR. xi. 78 sqq. Adspicis incomptis illum, Deciane, capillis? (cf. Hor. I Od. xii. 41 sqq.) cujus et ipse times triste supercilium; qui loquitur Curios, assertoresque Camillos: nolito fronti credere; Mart. I.xxv. VII. lvii. 7 sq. IX. xxviii. 5 sqq. Quid? si quis vultu torvo ferus, et pede nudo, exiguæque toga simulet textore Catonem, virtutemne repræsentet moresque Catonis? Hor. I Ep. xix. 12 sqq. R.

Bacchanalia: cf. Liv. xxxix. 8 sqq. PR. A Grecism for bacchantium more. M. Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur; Hor. II Ep. ii. 125. In these rites the grossest vices were practised under the cloak of religion. R.

4. These unlearned pretenders had brought out of the schools little wisdom, but plenty of conceit. HR.

Understand loca: 'every corner of their libraries and halls.' LU.

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5. Chrysippus, the Stoic, pupil of Zeno and Cleanthes. LU. Pers. vi. 80. PR. Est i. e. in their estimation. LU. 6. A fac-simile of Aristotle,' the Stagyrite, pupil of Plato, founder of the Peripatetic sect, tutor of Alexander the great. PR. Thus similem te an image of thee;' Stat. 1 S. i. 101. II S. vii. 129. Mart. IX. cii. 1. R.

Pittacus, Dictator of Mitylene, one of the seven sages. LU.

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7. Originals' (άe̟xǹ rúxos). T. Mart. VII. x. 4. XII. lxix. 2. R.

Pluteum the bookcase.' VS. Pers. v. 106. PR.

Cleanthes, originally a pugilist, was afterwards pupil of Zeno, and his successor in the Stoic School: while student he was so poor that he used to work at night in drawing water for gardeners, and was hence called Ogsávrλns. LU. Therefore some prefer the reading puteum. VA. GR. H. Pers. v. 64. PR.

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If Lucian had read Juvenal, he might have this passage in his thought when he wrote his Illiterate Book-collector. Locher, who translated Brandt's Ship of Fools, had undoubtedly both Lucian and Juvenal before him, when he gave the following version: spem quoque nec parvam collecta volumina præbent, calleo nec verbum, nec libri sentio mentem, attamen in magno per me servantur honore. G. 9. Solemn debauchees :' ærumnosique Solones, obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram; Pers.iii. 79. GR. Philosophi vultum et tristitiam et dissentientem a ceteris habitum pessimis moribus prætendunt; Quint. I. pr. §. 15. Pigritia arrogantioris (homines), qui, subito fronte conficta immissaque barba, paulum aliquid sederunt in scholis philosophorum, ut deinde in publico tristes, domi dissoluti, captarent auctoritatem contemtu ceterorum; Id. XII. iii. 12. HR.

10 Inter Socraticos notissima fossa cinaedos.

Hispida membra quidem et duræ per brachia setæ
Promittunt atrocem animum; sed podice levi
Caduntur tumidæ, medico ridente, mariscae.
Rarus sermo illis et magna lubido tacendi^
15 Atque supercilio brevior coma. Verius ergo
Et magis ingenue Peribomius. Hunc ego fatis
Imputo, qui vultu morbum incessuque fatetur.
Horum simplicitas miserabilis; his furor ipse
Dat veniam: sed pejores, qui talia verbis
20 Herculis invadunt et de virtute loquuti

1..

...

Castigas, &c. cf. Rom. ii. 1. Μ.

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10. The most notorious sink of all the depraved pretenders to Socratic philosophy.' As Juvenal admired Socrates, xii. 185 sqq. xiv. 320. and is here attacking hypocrisy, (Mart. IX. xlviii. R.) the alteration of the text to Sotadicos is worse than unnecessary, for Sotades was no hypocrite. G.

11. Cf. ix. 15. xiv. 194. Mart. II. xxxvi. VI. lvi. R. Ov. Met. xiii. 850. LU. These were Stoici pane Cynici; Cic. Off. i. 35. HR.

12. V. Flacc. i. 272. Claud. iv. Cons. Hon. 521. Spondet; vii. 134. στεῖται, Hom. II. r 83. E 832. 1 241. R.

Atrox animus Catonis; Hor. II Od. i. 24. R.

"But all so smooth below! the surgeon smiles, And scarcely can, for laughter, lance the piles." G.

14. The Pythagorean philosophers exacted rigid silence from their pupils. GR. ἑώρων αὐτοὺς κοσμίως βαδίζοντας, ἀναβε βλημένους εὐσταλῶς φροντίζοντας ἀεὶ ἀῤῥε. νωπούς, ἐν χρῷ κουρίας τοὺς πλείστους, οὐδὲν ἁβρὸν οὐδ ̓ αὖ πάνω ἐς τὸ ἀδιάφορον ὑπερεκπίπτον, ὡς ἔκπληκτον εἶναι καὶ κυνι κὸν ἀτεχνῶς, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τοῦ μέσου καταστή· ματος, ὃ δὴ ἄριστον ἅπαντες εἶναι φασίν ἢ τούτων ὀλίγον σοι μέλει, ἄχρις ἂν εὐσταλὴς ἡ ἀναβολὴ καὶ ὁ πώγων βαθὺς καὶ ἐν χρῷ ἡ κουρά; καὶ χρὴ ἀπὸ σχημάτων καὶ βαδισμάτων καὶ κουρᾶς διαγιγνώσκειν τοὺς ἀρίστους· ὃς δ ̓ ἂν μὴ ἔχῃ ταῦτα μηδὲ σκυθρωπὸς ἢ καὶ φροντιστικὸς τὸ πρόσωπον, ἀποδοκιμαστέος καὶ ἀποβλητέος ; Luc. Hermot. 18. R.

15. The Stoics, who were the most rigid sect, (64 sq. iv. 76.) cut their hair quite close to the head; whence the proverb crine Stoicus; and detonsa juventus;

Pers. iii. 54. LU. ἄρσεσιν οὐκ ἐπέοικε κόμη was the opinion of Phocyllides. GR. cf. 1 Cor. xi. 14. M. There is humour in the use of supercilio, as alluding to their afectation of superciliousness. v. 62. R.

Verius with more candour.' Cic. Or. ii. 86. R.

16. A fictitious name, from περὶ and βωμός,in allusion perhaps to the dissolute priests of Cybele. VS.

To a

Fatis to an unfortunate constitution.' Stupet hic vitio; Pers. iii. 32. malign horoscope.' PR. cf. Manil. v. 105. GR. • Το irresistible destiny. R.

17. His sin and its consequences.' v. 50. ix. 49. Rom. i. 27, latter part. M.

Fatetur manifests,' openly shows.' x. 172. xv. 132. Perhaps quem would be preferable to qui. R.

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18. Of him and the like.' R. Vera simplicitate bonus; Mart. I. xl. 4. R.

• To be pitied. τούτους ἐλεεῖσθαι προσ ήκει. Gal. de Us. Part. xi. ἆρά μοι κράτι στον ἐθελοκακήσαντα καὶ τὰ νῶτα ἐπιστρέ ψαντα καὶ ἀδικεῖν οὐκ ἀρνούμενον ἐπὶ τὴν κοινὴν ἐκείνην ἀπολογίαν καταφυγεῖν (λέγω δὲ τὴν τύχην καὶ μοῖραν καὶ εἱμαρμένην) καὶ παραιτεῖσθαι συγγνώμην ἔχειν μοι τοὺς ἐπιτιμῶντας, εἰδότας ὡς οὐδενὸς ἡμεῖς κύριοι, ἀλλ' ὑπό τινος κρείττονος, μᾶλλον δὲ μιᾶς τῶν προειρημένων ἀγόμεθα, οὐχ έκόντες, ἀλλ ̓ ἀναίτιοι παντάπασιν ὄντες, ἃ ἂν λέγω· μεν ἡ ποιῶμεν· Luc. 'Απ. π. τ. ο μισθ συν. 9. R.

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19. They may be acquitted on the ground of insanity.'

With talia understand flagitia or vitia. cf. 34.

20. Herculean,' or ' in such language as Prodicus has put in the mouth of

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