are Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. a legt, hand Divitiæ; crescant ut opes, ut maxima toto ུམ་་ Stat. Th. vi. 158 sqq. Claud. Eutr. ii. "A reed shaken with the wind;" St 22. Sic timet insidias quia scit se ferre viator cur timeat, tutum carpit inanis (Cic. Att. xiv. 3. Plaut. Bac. III. iv. 10. R.) iter; Ov. Nux, 43 sq. G. nudum latro transmittit; etiam in obsessa via pauperi pax est; Sen. Lucil. LU. 23. Cf. Pers. ii. 44 sqq. R. 24. Opes are more than divitia, implying some degree of power. ACH. expetuntur divitiae, ut utare; opes, ut colaris; honores, ut lauderis; Cic. Am. 6. PR. 25. The senators and other persons of property had, for security's sake, strong boxes in the forum of Trajan, and that of Mars, in which they deposited their money for safety. Hence the place itself was called Opes. Afterwards, for more security, they used the temple of Castor and other temples round the forum. VS. xiv. 258 sqq. GR. Aur. Ep. to the Senate in Fl. Vopisc. PR. Ulp. ad Edict. xxx. Depos. vii. 10. PL. Aconita; i. 158. cf. Sen. Thy. III. i. 27. Gemmata; v. 39 sqq. PR. 28. Does it not now meet with your approbation?' PR. The laughing sage was Democritus of Abdera; GR. a man of very extraordinary talents, and the first philosopher of his age. He was, however, the father of all that desolating philosophy, which, placing the senses in the room of reason, tends to extinguish science, while it encourages personal gratifications. G. He is said to have lived to the age of one hundred and nine. cf. Suid. D. Laert. ix. Cic. de Fato 23. de N. D. i. 66. 121. Q. Ac. iv. 121. Plin. xxviii. 8. vii. 55. PR. Sen. de Ira ii. 10. de Tr. An. 15. Claud. xvii. 90. (K.) Luc. 6 g. 13 sq. ταῦτα οὕτω γιγνόμενα καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν πιστευόμενα δεῖσθαί μοι δοκεῖ τοῦ μὲν ἐπι· TIμncovTos oùdevós. 'Hoaxλsícov di ciros à Anuongírov, Toũ μèv ysλæcoμívov càv ävoiav αὐτῶν, τοῦ δὲ τὴν ἄγνοιαν ὀδυρομένου Id. de Sacr. 15. R. 30. The crying philosopher was Herachitus of Ephesus. LU. He was a stern and rigid moralist of what was afterwards called the Stoic school; as little likely to cry upon all occasions, as the former to laugh. This, however, was not Juvenal's concern: their popular characteristics served his purpose. G. He is said to have died of a dropsy at the age of sixty. Cic. N. D. i. 74. iii. 35. D. Laert. ix. PR. Lucr. i. 639 sqq. 31. The epithet harsh' properly applies to the censure' and not to the laugh.' R. 33. The spleen is said to be the seat of laughter. VS. cf. Cic. de Or. ii. 235. PR. Plin. xi. 37 s 80. (HA.) Pers. i. 12. (CAS.) R. 34. Abdera and the neighbouring towns.' LU. cf. Hor. II Ep. i. 194 sqq. R. Court 2431 ^ his towering 35 Prætexta et trabeæ, fasces, lectica, tribunal. bear from his hou. logg of a brea from 1 and a huge corr Da nunc et volucrem, sceptro quæ surgit eburno, d and inc cornicines, hinc præcedentia longi 45 Agminis officia et niveos ad frena Quirites, 35. The prætexta palmata was intro- The Tribunal was originally a square 36. Cf. viii. 194. LU. The triumphal car was in the shape of a round turret, PR. gilded, and drawn by four white horses. M. In describing the procession of the prætor to open the Circensian games, Juvenal has mixed up with it much of the pomp and circumstance of a triumph. (xi. 192. R.) A trifling inconsistency would not deter our author from stepping out of the way to make his ridicule more poignant. The ivory sceptre, surmounted with its eagle, was too important a gewgaw to be omitted: aquila ex eburna sumit arrogantiam gestator ejus ac superbit beluæ inflatus osse; Prud. G. cf. Liv. xxx. 15. This prætor is also called consul, the former being a more extensive term and denoting the leader of an army,' LU. FA. præ itor; hence prætorium' a general's tent.' [Livy xxiii, 40, a; xxviii, 25, 5. ED.] 37. Circi; iii. 65, 223, notes. PR. 38. The embroidered tunic worn by other times in the temple of Jupiter. Liv. Picta; i. e. with the needle. PR. 39. The tapestry;' so called satiri- 40. An allusion perhaps to Atlas. cf. 63, note. 41. There were public as well as private slaves at Rome. LI. 42. As some curb to the pride of the victor, it was the servant's duty to call his attention to emblems of vicissitude and mortality, and to exclaim, at intervals, " Look behind thee: remember thou art a man!" LU. FA. Tertull. Ap. 33. PR. de Cor. Mil. 13. Plin. xxii. 4. xxviii. 4. xxxiii. 1. Jos. A. J. vii. 24. R. The words used by the slave are apparently borrowed from the history of Philip of Macedon. HN. The very presence of a slave would remind the conqueror of the truth which our author states in vii. 201. 43. The eagle which stands in act to soar.' Dionys. H. iii. 61. App. Pun. 66. Liv. xxx. 15. Isid. ii. 18. Himer. p. 219. (WE.) Amm. Marc. xxix. 2, 15. (VAL.) Claud. i. 205. xxii. 363. R. 44. See Plut. P. Em. Jos. B. J. i. ii. 45. Officia; ii. 132, note. M. 46. Buried deep.' GR. (cf. St Luke Tunc quoque materiam risus invenit ad omnes Interdum et lacrumas, quum Fortunæ ipse minaci 1011 Quosdam præcipitat subjecta potentia magnæ the stingy patrons as well as on the mer- 50. Abdera in Thrace was proverbial 52. Secure the while, he mock'd at Fortune's frown And, when she threaten'd, bade her hang." G. cf. xiii. 20. 53. A halter.' restim cape et suspende 55. When the ancients made their xii. 88. Prud. c. Sym. i. Ham. 405. 56. Πολλοὺς ἂν ἔχοιμεν εἰπεῖν, ὅσοι το ραννίδος ἐπιθυμήσαντες ἤδη καὶ σπουδάσαντες τοῦτ ̓ αὐτοῖς παραγενέσθαι, ὡς ἀγαθόν τι πράξοντες, διὰ τὴν τυραννίδα ἐπιβουλευθέντες rov Biov à¶ngilnoar x. 7. 2. Plat. Alc. ii. p. 150. Plin. vii. 40-45. R. [Livy xxiv, 21, 3 and 4. ED.] 57. Invidia enim summa quæque appetit; Tac. assidua est eminentis fortune comes, altissimisque adhæret; V. Pat. i. PR. Hor. IS. vi. 26. 47. R. Mergit: cf. xiii. 8. Lucr. v. 1006. Sil. viii. 285. Virg. Æ. vi. 512. (HY.) R. This was literally the case with Smerdis: Her. iii. 58. A brass plate attached to the statues of eminent persons and containing a pompous enumeration of their titles, and honours.' VS. Similar plates are affixed to the back of the stalls in St George's Chapel, Windsor, with the titles &c. of the Knights of the Garter. Descend from their pedestals:' cf. viii. 18, note. Tac. A. iii. LU. Pisonis statuam deturbant, affligunt, comminuunt, dissipant; et quod in ipsum attulerant odium, id in ejus imaginem ac simulacrum perfuderunt; Cic. PR. ixóves mai àvdeάντες, οὓς ἡ πόλις ἀνέστησε σοι πάλαι, πάνω τες ἀνατετραμμένοι γέλωτα παρέξουσι τοῖς sopivas Luc. Catap. 11. R. They follow the rope,' which was used to pull them down from their elevated position, LU. and, afterwards, to drag them through the streets. PR. V. Flac. i. 122. (H.) R. Ipsas deinde rotas bigarum impacta securis 60 Cædit et immeritis franguntur crura caballis. Jam stridunt ignes, jam follibus atque caminis Ardet adoratum populo caput et crepat ingens Sejanus: deinde ex facie toto orbe secunda Fiunt urceoli, pelves, sartago, patellæ. 65 a fare Pone domi lauros, duc in Capitolia magnum Cretatumque bovem: Sejanus ducitur unco Spectandus gaudent omnes. Quæ labra? quis illi Vultus erat? Numquam, si quid mihi credis, amavi 59. Cf. vii. 125 sqq. 61. Many statues of gold, as well as of bronze, had been erected in honour of Ælius Sejanus; (who held the offices of prefect of the city, VS. and captain of the prætorian bands: Suet. 55. 66. &c. Tac. A. iii.) these were melted down as soon as he was disgraced. LU. PR. 62. Cujus statuis sacra faciebant, non aliter quam statuis Tiberii; quemque Tiberii collegam appellabant, non in consulatu, sed in orbis terræ imperio; Xiph. Tib. Tac. A. iv. 2. extr. LU. Suet. Tib. 48. 65. R. 63. This instance is most happily chosen, since it exhibits at one view, not only the instability of court, but of popular favour. No subject ever ascended to such a height of power; none ever fell from it so rapidly into the abyss of disgrace and ruin. This picture of the unfeeling and barbarous versatility of the mob has seldom been equalled for truth and humour. With respect to Sejanus, it may be said of him, as it was of Lally, by Voltaire; "he was one against whom every man had a right to lift his hand but the executioner." During the full tide of his prosperity, nothing seems to have been too low for his malice. Even the obscure and inoffensive Phædrus, pathetically complains of having been unjustly accused by him: (III. prol.) he survived, however, both the accusation and the accuser, and in his story of Princeps Tibicen, gently retorts upon the fallen fortunes of his adversary. G. Thus Rutilius Gallicus, præfect of the city, is called proxima (Germanico) cervix ponderis immensi; Stat. S. I. iv. 6. R. 64. Pliny gives a very interesting detail of the impotent vengeance exercised on such statues by the rabble: juvabat illidere solo superbissimos vultus, instare ferro, sævire securibus, ut si singulos ictus sanguis dolorque sequeretur. nemo tam temperans guudii, seræque lætitiæ, quin instar ultionis videretur cernere laceros artus, truncata membra, postremo truces horrendasque imagines abjectas excoctasque flammis, ut ex illo terrore et minis, in usum hominum ac voluptates ignibus mutarentur; Plin. Pan. 52. cuvsxwviúbnoav nei ię abrv prɣáza xęńμara ouviλeyn Xiph. Nerv. pr. R. A change, the reverse of this, is recorded in Her. ii. 172. cf. vii. 197 sq. 65. To understand the little drama which follows, we must suppose one of those who had witnessed the commencement of Sejanus' punishment, hastening home to announce the intelligence, and prepare his public demonstrations of loyalty and joy. The dialogue passes between him and his neighbours. cf. vi. 47-52. G. The verb ducere applies both to victims and to culprits. Ov. M. xv. 114. (H.) R. Capitolia; xiv. 91. PR. The larger victims were sacrificed on any occasion of public rejoicing; and white victims to the celestial gods. LU. BRI. cretatumque bovem duci ad Capitolia magna; Lucr. VS. Virg. Æ. ix. 627 sq. Ov. Pont. IV. ix. 50. R. 66. Cf. cretata ambitio; Pers. v. 177. BRI. and 108. PR. After the executioner had fixed a hook in the throat, the body was dragged by the populace to the Gemonian steps on the Aventine Hill, and, when the vengeance of the mob was sated, thrown into the Tiber. SCH. M. Suet. Tib. 61. Xiph. Tib. PR. Dio lviii. 11. R. 67. A glorious sight.' Hune hominem." "Sed quo cecidit sub crimine? quisnam 70 Delator? quibus indiciis? quo teste probavit ?" he to Nil horum: verbosa et grandis epistola venit A Capreis." "Bene habet; nil plus interrogo. Sed quid 75 Favisset, si oppressa foret secura senectus 69. Cecidit; iv. 12. R. Anth. i. cf. Plut. Rom. pr. Prop. II. i. 70. Did the emperor prove the 23. IV. i. 9. (VU.) Pers. i. 73. (K.) charge?' BRI. 71. Dio (lviii. 4-8.) sneers at the length of this epistle: Suetonius (55.) calls it pudenda miserandaque oratio. The truth is, that Tiberius (who, like Cromwell, was always too cunning to be clear) was at this time confounded by his fears, or at least pretended to be so; and therefore wrote "about it, and about it." Suetonius has preserved a sentence of this memorable address which fully justifies the character he has given of it. Among other things, Tiberius besought the senate to send one of the consuls, with a millitary guard, to conduct him, a poor and desolate old man, in safety to their presence! Jonson in his Sejanus has fabricated a verbose epistle' for Tiberius, with a masterly hand. G. R. Nervius Sertorius Macro, who was appointed successor to Sejanus as prefect of the prætorian bands, was the confidential bearer of this epistle. SCH. 72. Capreæ, (now Capri') an island in the bay of Naples, was the favourite residence of Tiberius, where he abandoned himself to his pleasures, leaving Sejanus to rule in Rome. PR. 93. Plin. iii. 6. Strab. i. p. 15. v. p. 171. vi. p. 178. Tac. A. iv. 67. Suet. Tib. 40. 43. 65. Apollod. p. 312. R. and Virg. Æ. vii. 733 sqq. (HY.) VS. Kaλus xu! LU. cf. Cic. Mur. 6. Liv. viii. 6. Stat. Th. xi. 557. xii. 338. (B.) Prop. IV. xi. 97. (PAS.) R. Nil ultra quaro plebeius; Hor. II S. iii. 188. (BY.) R. 73. Mobilium turba Quiritium; Hor. I Od. i. 7. plebs Remi; Mart. X. lxxvi. 4. Cat. lviii. 5. Stat. S. 11. vii. 60. Prop. IV. vi. 10. äosu 'Pipoo Diodor. ep. R. Always as in the cases of Marius, Pompey, and others. LU. ut hirundines aestivo tempore præsto sunt, frigore pulsæ recedunt: ita falsi amici sereno vitæ tempore præsto sunt; simul atque hyemem fortunæ viderint, devolant omnes; Cic. to Heren. 4. PR. Hor. I Od. xxxv. 22. 25 sqq. (BY.) I Ep. xix. 37. R. 74. Sejanus was a native of Volsinii (now Bolsena') in Tuscany. LU. Tac. À. iv. 1. R. unicuique etiam provinciæ et civitati suus deus est, ut Syriæ Astartes, ut Arabia Disares, . . . Asculanorum dea Ancaria, Volsiniensium Nursia, Ocriculanorum Valentia, Sutrinorum Nortia, &c. Tert. Apol. 24. Liv. vii. 3. PR. Our author might be condemned of pedantry, G. but it must be recollected that these words are not uttered in his own person, but are put into the mouth of one who hardly dared to express himself without some mystification." 75. Observe the difference between secura and tuta. R. For the periphrasis, cf. iv. 81, note. 77. Augustum emperor.' SCH. If Juvenal sometimes lashes the ty- |