Vascones, hæc fama est, alimentis talibus olim 95 Fortunæ invidia est bellorumque ultima, casus Caes treme Extremi, longæ dira obsidionis egestas. t Hujus enim, quod nunc agitur, miserabile debet Pallorem ac maciem et tenues miserantibus artus, Et sua. Quisnam hominum veniam dare, quisve Deorum Viribus abnuerit dira atque immania passis, aréteseed 105 Et quibus illorum poterant ignoscere manes, Quorum corporibus vescebantur? Melius nos Ep. xciii. (DR.) When besieged by Pompey and Metellus, the citizens were so reduced by famine, that, to maintain inviolate their engagement to Sertorius (who was then no more), they devoured their wives and children rather than surrender. V. Max. VII. vi. extr. 2 sq. Plut. Sert, and Pomp. App. B. Hisp. 101. B. C. i. 97. 108-115. SCH. PŘ. R. G. 94. Animas their lives.' LU. vi. 501. ix. 122. R. 95. On the subject of this envy,' which the ancients attributed to Fortune and their Gods, R. cf. Her. i. 32. iii, 40. (LA.) Her. vii. 10, note 11. ib. 46, note 47. and Esch. P. V. 884. (BG.) [Livy xxx, 30, 20. ED.] With ultima understand mala, pericula, R. or discrimina. For other instances of the extremities to which those besieged have been reduced, see notes on Her. i. 176. and vii. 107. 97. Miserabile: ἐν τοῖς ἀκουσίοις συγ γνώμη, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ ἔλιος· Arist. Eth. iii. 1. indeed, all the former part of that chapter may be consulted here and at 103 sqq. 99. Cf. Ov. M. viii. 799 sqq. Sil. ii. 461-474. Claud. B. G. 21 sqq. R. Lucan. VS. 100. Improba ventris rabies; Virg. E. ii. 356. Ath. x. 1. R. • Their very enemies. cf. Psalm cvi. 46. M. 101. Cf. Call. H. Cer. 94. (SP.) R. 102. See that most pathetic and sublime picture which is given in Deut. xxviii. 49–57. M. Esse i. e. edere. LU. 103. Those of their wives and children' [cf. Her. i. 214, note 2.] and even their own.' ipse suos artus lacero divellere morsu cæpit et infelix minuendo corpus alebat; Ov. M. viii. 877 sq. R. 104. Viribus to men so brave,' the abstract for the concrete. LU. Another reading is urbibus, viz. Calaguris, Numantia, and Saguntum. PR. Ventribus perhaps would be better than either: cf. iii. 167. iv. 107. xiv. 126. The abbreviation VTRIBVS might be easily corrupted into VIRIBVS. VA. Compare also the use of gula, v. 90 and elsewhere. WB, and OR, receive the proposed emendation. 105. Manes; Pers. v. 152, note. PR. 107. Zeno the Stoic. VS. cf. xiii. 121. PR. Non omni pretio vita emenda est; Sen. Ep. 72. 17. 70. vitam quidem non adeo expetendam censemus, ut quoquo modo protrahenda sit. quisquis es talis, æque moriere, etiam cum obscanus vixeris aut nefandus; Plin. xxviii. 1 s 2. cf. vii. 83 sq. notes. usque adeone mori miserum est? Virg. Æ. xii. 646. PR. R. LU. fra d ἴσως οὐκ ἔστιν ἀναγκασθῆναι, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἀποθνητέον, παθόντα τὰ δεινότατα Arist. Eth. iii. 1. Pro vita facienda putat. Sed Cantaber unde Stoicus, antiqui præsertim ætate Metelli ? 110 Nunc totus Graias nostrasque habet orbis Athenas. Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos: De conducendo loquitur jam rhetore Thule. Nobilis ille tamen populus, quem diximus; et par Virtute atque fide, sed major clade Saguntus 115 Tale quid excusat. Mæotide sævior ara Ægyptus. Quippe illa nefandi Taurica sacri 108. Cantabria is now Biscay.' PR. The Vascons are here meant. LU. 109. Q. Cæcilius Metellus Pius (son of Q. C. M. Numidicus) may be called antiquus with reference either to his having lived so many years before the time Juvenal is speaking of, or to his advanced age; (cf. Virg. Æ. ix. 647.) in reference to which Sertorius facetiously observed in an address to his soldiers : As for that boy" (meaning Pompey), "if it had not been for the arrival of this old woman," (viz. MetelJus,) "I would have whipped him and sent him home." Plut. Sert. Opp. t. i. p. 578. R. 110. Athens of Greece:' unde humanitas, doctrina, religio, fruges, jura, leges ortæ atque in omnes terras distributæ putantur; Cic. for Flac. 26. PR. Hence Thucydides calls it παίδευσις τῆς Ἑλλάdos ii. 41. Diodorus, movdy raiding πάντων ἀνθρώπων xiii. p. 344, 23. so that Athens became a synonymous word for literature and the fine arts,' and the school where these were taught was called an Athenaeum. R. Nostras in like manner our author says Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes; iii. 62. R. cf. ib. 61, note. 111. Gallia: cf. i. 44, and vii. 148, notes. LU. On the Britons, see Tac. Agr. 21. R. 112. Of course this is to be taken as an hyperbole. LU. What northern country the ancients designated by the name of Thule is very uncertain. It may be either (1) Sweden and Norway, or (2) Shetland, LU. or (3) Iceland, ultima Thule; Virg. G. i. 30. (VO.) PR. cf. Plin. Ep. iv. 16. Isid. Et. xiv. Mela iii. 6. p. 57. R. see AN. 113. The Vascons of Calaguris. PR. 114. The Saguntines were as distin guished by their fidelity to Rome, as the men of Calaguris were for theirs to Sertorius;' M. 'but more eminent in their disasters :' for the siege of Calaguris was raised; (A. U. 679. OR.) Liv. Ep. xcii. App. B. C. i. 112. whereas Saguntum was captured by Hannibal after an eight months' siege and razed; Sil. i. 296. ii. 695. Liv. xxi. 5—15. Polyb. iii. 17. Flor. ii. 2. Plin. vii. 3. V. Max. vi. 6. R. PR. SCH. The latter author concludes in words which show that he felt for their ill-fated devotion; crediderim tunc ipsam Fidem, humana negotia speculantem, mæstum gessisse vultum; perseve rantissimum sui cultum, iniquæ Fortunæ judicio, tam acerbo exitu damnatum cernentem. G. Saguntus, or Saguntum in Valencia. PR. v. 29, note. It has a fort, which still bears the name of Sa gunta. 115. Among the Tauri who inhabited the peninsula, called from them the Tauric Chersonese, now the Crimea, on the south west of the Mæotic lake, there was an altar to Diana on which it was the practice to immolate shipwrecked strangers. On this custom Euripides founded the tragedy of Iphigenia in Tauris. cf. Diod. iv. 3. 45. Strab. v. Her. iv. 103. Paus. iii. 16. ix. 19. Ov. Pont. III. ii. 45–96. Tr. IV. iv. 63-82. Call. Dian. 173 sq. (SP.) Anton. Lib. F. 27. and Hyg. F. 98. 120. (MUN.) Virg. Æ. vii. 761 sqq. exc. viii. (HY.) VS. ĽU. R. Mæotis ara; xiv. 287, note. R. 116. Taurica, understand terra or Chersonesus, as in Plin. iv. 12. R. The country put for the people, M. as in 35. Nefandi sacri. For sæpius olim Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta. Aulide quo pacto Triviaï virginis aram Iphianassaï Inventrix homines (ut jam, quæ carmina tradunt, esitt. He مان iv. 546 sq. nam quod invidiam facis The Nile was one of the chief deities of 124. Britones a German tribe, from morica derived their origin and name. 125. Pictique Agathyrsi; Virg. Æ. iv. 126. Imbelle et inutile; cf. note 98 on Her. i. 191. and note 52 on Her. iii. 81. 123. The meaning of the question, Utque parum justæ nimiumque in pellice sævæ, invidiam fecere deæ; Ov. M. τῆς ἐσχάτης ἀκολασίας καὶ ἀνδρῶν καὶ Nec pœnam sceleri invenies nec digna parabis 130 Supplicia his populis, in quorum, mente pares sunt Et similes ira atque fames. (Mollissima corda Humano generi dare se Natura fatetur, Quæ lacrumas dedit: hæc nostri pars optima sensus. 135 Squaloremque rei, pupillum ad jura vocantem at Naturæ imperio geinimus, quum funus adulte... Rhodes, &c. cf. Sen. N. Q. iii. 25. iv. 2. GR. Any concave vessel will float, if the aggregate of its bulk be of less specific gravity than water. ACH. Boats have been constructed of copper and of iron. : Juvenal had in his mind the following passage que Pellai gens fortunata Canopi accolit effuso stagnantem flumine Nilum et circum pictis vehitur sua rura phaselis; Virg. G. iv. 287 sqq. fragiles_phaseli ; Hor. III Od. ii. 28. Ov. Pont. I. x. 39. The Egyptian boat was called baris: Diod. i. 98. Her. ii. 96 sq. HY. cf. Plin. vi. 22. xiii. 11. Theoph. H. P. iv. 9. Plut. Is. Os. p. 358. Luc. iv. 135 sqq. Exodus ii. 3. Joshua xviii. 2. The phaselus [whence our word VESSEL] was a long narrow boat' or 'gondola,' and was so called from its resemblance to a bean-shell.' cf. Virg. G. i. 227. From its make, it was of great swiftness: cf. Cat. iv. 1. (VO.) R. as the boats which are built for racing on the Isis. 128. 'Eμßaλiv za Pind. P. iv. 356. Tippárt' ¡háryoı. Apoll. Rh. ii. 663. R. 130. Who commit out of mere anger such atrocities, as extreme necessity alone could justify in the Vascons.' LU. 132. Natura hominem tantum nudum et in nuda humo natali die abjicit ad vagitus statim et ploratum, nullumque tot animalium aliud ad lacrumas, et has protinus vitæ principio: at, Hercules, risus, præcor ille et celerrimus, ante quadragesimum diem nulli datur; Plin. vii. 1 R. 133. ̓Αγαθοὶ ἀριδάκρυες ἄνδρες. LU. 134. Ct. Romans xii. 15. M. 135. Those who were arraigned in a court of judicature used to appear in a "Un squalid plight, in order to excite commiseration in the judges. PR. comb'd his locks, and squalid his attire." D. 136. For pupillus and circumscriptor, cf. i. 46 sq. R. and x. 222. PR. 137. Cf. Hor. 11 Od. v. 23 sq. (MI.) Ov. M. viii. 322. ix. 711. (ĠI.) R. Mart. XII. xlix. OR. 138. This may remind one of the passage in Hamlet, where the Queen scatters flowers on Ophelia's grave: "Sweets to the sweet : farewell! I hoped, thou should'st have been my Hamlet's wife; I thought, thy bride-bed to have deck'd, sweet maid, And not t' have strew'd thy grave:" V. i. cf. also Ter. An. I. i. 77-109. M. How exquisite is the pathos in the simile which Shakspeare has put in the mouth of old Capulet on his daughter's apparent death! "Death lies on her, like an untimely frost upon the sweetest flower of all the field;" Rom. and Jul. IV. v. Compare other passages in that and the following scenes. "For though fond Nature bids us all lament, Yet Nature's tears are Reason's merriment;" ib. 139. Editis infantibus primores septimo mense gigni dentes haud dubium est..... hominem prius quam genito dente cremari, mos gentium non est; Plin. vii. 16 s 15. BE. ib. 54. suggrundaria antiqui dicebant sepulcra infantium, qui necdum XL dies impléssent, quia nec bust a dici poterant ; quia ossa quæ comburentur non erant; nec [tumuli, quia non erat] tanta cadaveris immanitas, qua locus tumesceret. unde Rutilius Geminus Astyanacte ait: "Melius suggrundarium misero quæreres quam 140 Et minor igne rogi.) Quis enim bonus et face dignus 145 Atque exercendis capiendisque artibus apti Sensum a cœlesti, demissum traximus arce, Cujus egent prona et terram spectantia. Mundi Tantum animas, nobis animum quoque, mutuus ut nos sepulcrum;" Fab. Planc. Fulg. in Exp. Serm. Ant. p. 560. PR. This writer is one of little veracity, and fond of inventing words and forging authorities. OR. Cicero says it was not usual to weep for infants so young; and Plutarch, in his Consolation to his wife, endeavours to moderate her grief for her child, by a reference to this prevailing practice. Juvenal, however, with his usual good sense, produces this affecting circumstance, to show the power of unsophisticated nature over the refinements of custom. G. With pity it has fared much the same as with piety: cf. V. Max. V. iv. ext. 5. R. 140. The rites of Ceres were performed in secret and by night: it was the height of impiety to divulge them. cf. Call. H. Cer. 7. (SP.) Hor. III Od. ii. 26. (MI.) On the fifth and great day of the festival (à râv zaμráðwv nμiga), in memory of the search made by the goddess with torches after Proserpine, lighted torches were placed before their doors, Plut. Cic. t. i. p. 871. as well as carried in procession both by men and women (dado xo). These were no longer porai, who were admissible only to the lesser mysteries, but og or irira; and the priest (ιεροφάντης οι μυσταγωγίς) revealed to them the greater mysteries, after a strict previous enquiry into the moral and religious characters of the candidates. cf. vi. 50, note. LU. JS. R. Ov. F. iv. 493 sq. Claud. R. Pr. i. 11. PR. 142. Iste versus (Ter. Heaut. I. i. 25.) et in pectore et in ore sit: "homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto;" Sen. Ep. 95. Cic. Off. i. 9. R. 144. Deus homines humo excitatos celsos et erectos constituit, ut deorum cognitionem, cœlum intueutes, capere possent; sunt enim homines non ut incolæ atque habitatores, sed quasi spectatores superarum rerum atque cœlestium, quarum spectaculum ad nullum aliud genus animantium pertinet; Cic. N. D. ii. 56. R. How sadly men have neglected or abused this their capacity to apprehend divine truths' may be seen, Romans i. 21 sq. M. 146. Animorum nulla in terris origo inveniri potest. . ita quidquid est illud quod sensit, quod sapit, quod vult, quod viget, cœleste et divinum est ideoque æternum, &c. Cic. T. Q. i. 27. divinæ particulam aura; Hor. II S. ii. 79. PR. igneus est ollis vigor et cœlestis origo; Virg. Æ. vi. 730 sqq. and exc. xiii. (HY.) LU. Fulgent. ii. 9. (MUN.) R. Arce; cf. 85. R. xiv. 87. nos tua progenies, coeli quibus annuis arcem; Virg. Æ. i. 254. M. 147. Figuram quoque corporis habilem et aptam ingenio dedit: nam cum cæteras animantes Deus adjecisset ad pastum, solum hominem erexit et ad cæli quasi cognitionem, domicilii unde descenderat, excitavit ; Cic. N. D. ii. 56. prona que cum spectent animalia cetera terram, os homini sublime dedit cœlumque tueri jussit et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus ; Ov. M. i. 84 sqq. PR. omnes homines qui sese student præstare ceteris animalibus, quæ Natura prona et ventri obedientia finxit, &c. Sall. B. C. 1. (CO.) M. Cic. Leg. i. 9. pr. R. 149. Animas; vi. 531, note. cf. Eccles. iii. 21. M. and Gen. ii. 7. 150. Cf. Sen. Ep. 95. Ira i. 5. R. 151. Fuit quondam tempus, cum in |