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De nemore et proavis, habitatas linquere silvas;
roavis habitata!!
Edificare domos, Laribus conjungere nostris
Tectum aliud, tutos vicino limine somnos
155 Ut collata daret fiducia; protegere armis

Lapsum aut ingenti nutantem vulnere civem,
Communi dare signa tuba, defendier îsdem
Turribus atque una portarum clave teneri.
Sed jam serpentum major concordia. Parcit
160 Cognatis maculis similis fera. Quando leoni

Fortior eripuit vitam leo? Quo nemore umquam
Exspiravit aper majoris dentibus apri?

Indica tigris agit rabida cum tigride pacem
Perpetuam sævis inter se convenit ursis.
165 Ast homini ferrum letale incude nefanda

agris passim homines bestiarum more vaga-
bantur et sibi victu ferino vitam propa-
gabant; Cic. Inv. i. 2. Ath. xiv. 23.
SCH. tu urbes peperisti; tu dissipatos ho-
mines in societatem vitæ convocâsti; tu eos
inter se primo domiciliis, deinde conjugiis,
tum literarum et vocum communione junx
isti; &c. Cic. T. Q. v. 2 s 5. oppida
cœperunt munire, et ponere leges, ne quis
fur esset, neu latro, neu quis adulter;
Hor. I S. iii. 105 sq. PR. cf. vi. 3 sqq,
notes. M.

152. Silvestres homines cædibus et victu

connected, or in whose honour they are interested, and are no less prompt to avenge them. The savage, however imperfectly he may comprehend the principles of political union, feels warmly the sentiments of social affection, and the obligations arising from the ties of blood. On the appearance of an injury or affront offered to his family or tribe, he kindles into rage, and pursues the authors of it with the keenest resentment;" Robertson, ib. i. p. 38 sq.

156. For saving the life of a citizen, fado deterruit Orpheus; Hor. A. P. 391 the reward was a civic crown. V. Max. sq. PR. ii. 8. SCH.

153. Instead of those loose associations, which, though they scarcely diminished their personal independence, had been sufficient for their security while they remained in their original countries, they" (the barbarians of the north, who had overrun and conquered Europe,) "saw the necessity of uniting in more close confederacy, and of relinquishing some of their private rights in order to attain public safety;" Robertson, Ch. 5th. Intr. § i. p. 12.

155. To repel injuries, and to revenge wrongs is no less natural to man than to cultivate friendship; and while society remains in its most simple state, the former is considered as a persona! right no less unalienable than the latter. Nor do men in this situation deem that they have a title to redress their own wrongs alone; they are touched with the injuries done to those with whom they are

159. Canis caninam non est; Varro: (JS.) VS. whereas nulla est tam detestabilis pestis quæ homini ab homine non nascatur; Cic. Off. solus homo est homini lupus. LU. cetera animantia in suo genere prope degunt: congregari videmus et stare contra dissimilia: leonum feritas inter se non dimicat: serpentum morsus non petit serpentes: nec maris quidem beluæ nisi in diversa genera sæviunt. at hercule homini plurima ex homine sunt mala; Plin. vii. pr. (HA.) Sen. Ep. 104. PR. Id. 95. de Clem. i. 26. Contr. 9. Hur. Ep. vii. 11 sq. (MI) R. Compare the dying vulture's speech in the original No. 22. of the Idler.

Parcit &c. "This is prettily said, but without truth: since the male beasts of every kind fight together, when hunger or lust stimulates them; and act, in this respect, just as if they were men." JO. And this too is prettily said. G.

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Produxisse parum est; quum rastra et sarcula tantum Adsueti, coquere et marris ac vomère lassi Nescierint primi gladios extundere fabri. Adspicimus populos, quorum non sufficit ira 170 Occidisse aliquem; sed pectora, brachia, vultum Crediderint genus esse cibi. Quid diceret ergo, Vel quo non fugeret, si nunc hæc monstra videret Pythagoras, cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui

Tamquam homine et ventri indulsit non omne legumen?

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173. Pythagoras was a native of Samos. VS. He held the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and was therefore averse to shedding the blood of any animal. cf. Laert. viii. Gell. iv. 11. LI. iii. 229. After many travels, he settled at Crotona, in the reign of the latter Tarquin, (where he became the founder of the Italic sect ;) and died in Magna Græcia at an advanced age. cf. Euseb. Lact. iii. Cic. T. Q. i. 38. iv. 2. cum in Italiam venisset, exornavit eam Græciam, quæ Magna dicta est, et privatim et publice, præstantissimis institutis et artibus; ib. v. 10. PR. Cicero has attacked him on the subject of his doctrine, de Div. ii. 58. and so has Lucian, with very keen ridicule, in his dialogue "O. 'AAT. R. For a full account of this eminent philosopher, see AN.

with

174. "Abstain from beans" is said to have been one of his precepts: SCH. for which singular and superstitious injunction a variety of reasons have been assigned. Cic. Div. ii. 119. Plin. xviii. 12. Plut. Symp. viii. pr. 8. Or. i. de Esu Carn. Antiph. in Ath. iv. 17. Ath. vii. 16. x. 5. Gell. iv. 11. PR. Iambl. Ov. M. xv. 60 sqq. M. Pythagoras says: κύαμον εψηθέντα, ἣν ἀφῆς ἐς τὴν σεληναίην νυξι μεμετρημένησιν, αἷμα ποιήσεις Luc.V. Auct. t. ii. p. 96. OR. On considering many parts of this great man's character, as it is to be collected from various writers, we find him, in mathematics, in astronomy, in theology, many centuries before his age; and one might, therefore, be almost tempted to regard these tales, respecting his veneration or abhorrence for this or that particular kind of pulse, as the invention of later times. Instead of wasting our ingenuity on endless conjectures, we should do well to call to mind the history of the golden tooth, and be previously certified of the existence of the fact! G.

SATIRE XVI.

ARGUMENT.

Under a pretence of pointing out to his friend Gallus the advantages of a military state, 1-6. the author attacks, with considerable spirit, the exclusive privileges which the army had acquired or usurped, to the manifest injury of the civil part of the community. 7 sqq. G. The military had now got to such a pitch of licentiousness, as to insult their fellow-citizens with gross impunity. 9-12. Every complaint against a soldier must be brought before a court-martial; where the plaintiff obtained little redress, while he incurred the most imminent peril. 13-34. Again, whereas all other citizens suffer deplorably by the delays of the law, to soldiers there is always a court open; and their causes are immediately heard, and as promptly decided. 35-50. Soldiers have also the peculiar privilege of disposing of the property they acquire in the service, even in their father's lifetime: 51-56. and this property is not inconsiderable, as it is the policy of a general to heap riches and honours upon his meritorious followers. 56–60. R. The outline presented scope for a picture not unworthy of the pencil of Juvenal; and indeed, what is touched of it, possesses at times a considerable degree of merit. Much, however, yet remained to be filled up, (cf. Polyb. vi. 39. LI, Mil. Rom. v. 19. de Magn. Rom. i. 6.) when the writer, as if alarmed at the boldness of his own design, hurried on the conclusion, with an abruptness which mars the whole effect. G. Indeed whether or no Juvenal was the writer has been much disputed. On the affirmative side of the question are Priscian, SV. JS. DM. SR. M. &c. &c. on the negative, GROT. RU. B. PL. BA. HK. G. &c. (see Gibbon, Rise and Fall; note on ch. v.) At any rate it seems an unfinished piece; M. and I have marked it accordingly.

Quis numerare queat felicis præmia, Galle,
Militia? Nam si subeuntur prospera castra,
Me pavidum excipiat tironem porta secundo
Sidere. Plus etenim fati valet hora benigni,
5 Quam si nos Veneris commendet epistola Marti
Et Samia genitrix quæ delectatur arena.

- Commoda tractemus primum communia, quorum
Haud minimum illud erit, ne te pulsare togatus
Audeat; immo, etsi pulsetur, dissimilet nec
10 Audeat excussos Prætori ostendere dentes
Et nigram in facie tumidis livoribus offam
Atque oculum medico nil promittente relictum.
Bardaicus judex datur hæc punire volenti

1. Gallus, the poet's friend, is probably the same person that Martial so often mentions. R.

3. A Roman camp had two gates: that in front, opposite the enemy, was called 'the Prætorian,' and the postern, by which military delinquents were led out to be punished, was called Decumana. LI. Veget. de Re Mil. PR.

4. Sidere; vii. 195, note. Hor. II Od. xvii. 17 sqq. M.

5. Than if we carried a letter of recommendation to Mars from his mistress or his mother.' LU.

Veneris; cf. Lucr. i. 30 sqq. PR. x. 313 sq. R.

6

6. A periphrasis for Juno.' VS. Mars was either the son of Jupiter and Juno, or of Juno alone: and this goddess was especially worshipped in the sandy Samos; (now Sussam Adassi,') Virg. E. i. 15 sq. LU. cf. iii. 70, note. PR. Ov. F. v. 229. Apoll. I. iii. 1. Phurnut. N. D. 21. also Her. iii. 60. Lact. Inst. i. 17. Paus. vii. 4. Ath. xiv, 20. xv. 4. Call. Dian. 228. R.

7. Common to every man in the army, from the highest to the lowest.' M. 8. Togatus opposed to armatus; 34. M. as is paganus also; 33. Plin. Ep. vii. 25. x. 18. Veget. ii. 23. extr. and in the Jurists. Under the emperors the husbandmen appear to have been exempt from military service, that agriculture might not be neglected. ER, Cl. Cic. On the origin of this name, cf. Dionys.

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10. To the civil magistrate.' R. 12. Giving no hopes.' LU.

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13. Bardei: Ιλλύριοι δοῦλοι, οἱ καὶ ἀγωνισάμενοι ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἰταλίας, κατὰ Κίν νου καὶ Μαρίου στρατευσάμενοι· καὶ ἐκ τούτου τυραννῆσαι κατὰ τῶν δεσποτῶν· Gloss. L. G. They are called Vardai, Plin. iii. 22 s 26. Cic. ad Div. v. 9. Ovágdia, Ptol. ii. 17. 'Agdiato, Strab. vii. 5. p. 315. Polyb. ii. 11 sq. App. B. Ill. 3. 10. (SW.) [Livy xxvii, 30, j. ED.] Mágios xarýsi dogupógous ixwv λoyúdas in Twv #gooπsp01τηκότων δούλων, οὓς Βαρδιαίους προσηγόρευεν Plut. Mar. Opp. t. i. p. 431. a. GR. Bardaicus may be taken absolutely, as in Mart. IV. iv. 5. PR. or with judex, or with calceus. It is formed from Bardæi, as Achaicus from Achæi. If put absolutely, cucullus is to be understood : Martial has an epigram on Liburnian cowls;' XIV. cxxxix. SA. This 'cowl' was made of goat's hair, and was worn by the judge martial; mærent captiva pellito judice leges; Claud. Ruf. ii. 85. FE. The Bardaic shoe' would be one of goat's skin, properly called udo; Mart. XIV. 140. CAL. In any case, the sense will be much the same: Your judge will be some half-civilized barbarian, who, from his servile and outlandish origin, can have no sympathy

Calceus et grandes magna ad subsellia suræ, 15 Legibus antiquis castrorum et more Camilli Servato, miles ne vallum litiget extra

Et procul a signis. Justissima Centurionum
Cognitio est igitur de milite; nec mihi deerit.
Ultio, si justæ defertur causa querelæ.

20 Tota cohors tamen est inimica omnesque manipli Consensu magno efficiunt, curabilis ut sit Vindicta et gravior, quam injuria.

Declamatoris mulino corde, Vagelli,

Dignum erit ergo

Quum duo crura habeas, offendere tot caligas, tot 25 Millia clavorum. Quis tam procul absit ab Urbe ? Præterea quis tam Pylades, molem aggeris ultra Ut veniat? Lacrumæ siccentur protenus et se Excusaturos non sollicitemus amicos.

"Da testem" judex quum dixerit: audeat ille,

with freemen, and but little respect for the rights of a Roman citizen.' HN. ACH. cf. vii. 116 sq. R.

Punire; iii. 116, note. R.

14. Calceus; cf. iii. 247 sq, note. M. ib. 322. PR. calceus et suræ for calceata

sura.

Grandes. The centurions were chosen for their height and strength. BRI.

The tribunal of the general was near his own tent; the benches' of the tribunes and centurions were by the standards, which were placed in the area (called principia) in the centre of the camp. GR. AD. The magistrates' bench was 'large' enough to accommodate persons of respectability, besides the judges themselves. ER, Cl. Cic.

15. Camillus made this law, when he was dictator, during the siege of Veii. LU. Liv. v. Plut. PR.

17. The whole of this is ironical. OW. "O nicely do Centurions shift the cause, When buff-and-belt men violate the laws! And ample (if with reason we complain) Is, doubtless, the redress our injuries gain!" G.

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20. Tamen to be sure,'' by way of set-off against this strict impartiality of the judge.'

21. Their vengeance for your prosecution of their comrade will be matter of serious concern, and will fall heavier

on you than the original injury.' R. Or vindicta may be the redress which he gets: i. e. "The remedy is worse than the disease." M.

23. Vagellius was an advocate of Mutina, VS. the modern Modena;' PR. and 'a desperate ass.' STA. cf. xiii. 119. R. His foolhardiness and obstinacy must have been shown, in undertaking causes which no man in his sober senses would have advocated. PR.

24. It would be as well to reflect, before you go to that tribunal, how you are to effect a retreat. You now have such things as a pair of shins; and you will then have to work your way out through' LU." a countless host of hobnailed shoes." G.

25. Who is such an ignoramus or greenhorn? Who has seen so little of the world?' LU. or Who can afford the time to leave Rome and go down to the camp?' R. It may be the excuse of some friend who is applied to; 28.

26.So faithful as to put his life in jeopardy for your sake, which Pylades did for Orestes.' LI. Eur. I. T. PŘ. and Or.

28. Excusaturos: cf. Hor. I S. ix. 38 $99.

29. But even supposing you could so far prevail on a friend as to go with you: yet, when it comes to the point,

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