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Siccandam eluviem, portandum ad busta cadaver, Et præbere caput domina venale sub hasta. Quondam hi cornicines et municipalis arenæ 35 Perpetui comites notæque per oppida buccæ, Munera nunc edunt et verso polliceber e vulgi

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A spear' used to be stuck up as the sign of a public auction. [Livy xxiii, 37, 3; xxvii, 24, b. ED.] It was called the mistress-spear' as implying the dominion over the person and life of the slave, which was then and there vested in the purchaser. BR. M. Tib. II. iv. 54. dominus and domina are often used as adjectives: Ov. Her. iii. 100. H.

34. They once used to blow the horn at the provincial theatres, and attend the strolling company of prize-fighters from town to town.' T. PR. The horn' was sounded to call the people together, as at the shows in our country fairs. M.

Municipium was a borough-town,' which had the privileges and freedom of Rome, and at the same time was governed by laws of its own, somewhat like our corporations. M.

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35. Their faces were known; for which Juvenal says their cheeks,' the most prominent part of their faces while they were puffing their horns. PR. M.

36. Now they give shows to the people.' From the occasional practice of putting prisoners of war to death at the grave of a favourite chief who had fallen in battle, as the readiest way to appease his manes, arose that of exhibiting combats of gladiators in Rome, at the funerals of eminent persons; to which they were for some time restricted. The magistrates were the first to break through this restriction, by producing them at festivals for the amusement of the citizens. Ambitious men soon found that to gratify the people

with such entertainments was one of the readiest roads to power. Cicero first checked this abuse by a law prohibiting candidates from so doing. Augustus decreed that they should be given but twice a year. Caligula removed every restriction: Domitian gave them every encouragement: and even Trajan exhibited the horrid spectacle of 10,000 victims, on his triumph over the Dacians! There were other checks of a secondary nature among these a decree of the senate, ne quis gladiatorium munus ederet cui minor quadringentorum millium res; Tac. An. iv. 63. and he was also required to be a free citizen; for Harpocras, the freedman of Claudius, exhibited them by the emperor's special indulgence. This will account for the indignation which the poet feels, when such purse-proud upstarts presumed to trifle away the lives of their fellow-creatures at the caprice of an unfeeling rabble. Constantine suppressed these barbarous shows; which were finally abolished by Arcadius and Honorius. cf. Suet. Cæs. 10. Tac. An. xiii. 49. G. T. R.

Vertere pollicem was a sign of condemnation, premere pollicem of favour. cf. Hor. I Ep. xviii. 66. LU. Plin. xxviii. 2. PR. The brutalization, resulting from the frequent sight of these massacres, rendered instances of compassion but rare. If any where, we might have anticipated such pity would be found in the breasts of the Vestals: O tenerum mitemque animum! consurgit ad ictus: et, quoties victor ferrum jugulo inserit, illa delicias ait esse suas! pectusque jacentis virgo modesta jubet converso pollice rumpi; ne lateat pars ulla animæ vitalibus imis, altius impresso dum palpitat ense secutor! Prud. adv. Sym. 1095. No war or pestilence ever swept away such myriads of the human race, as these barbarous sports. In some months, twenty or thirty thousand were slaughtered in Europe alone. Nero and Caligula did but put to death some hundreds during their reigns: whereas, at these games, even private citizens frequently butchered a thousand in a day! LI. G.

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Quem libet occidunt populariter: inde reversi
Conducunt foricas; et cur non omnia? quum sint,
Quales ex humili magna ad fastigia rerum

40 Extollit, quoties voluit Fortuna jocari.

n

Quid Romæ faciam? Mentiri nescio: librum,
Si malus est, nequeo laudare et poscere: motus
Astrorum ignoro: funus promittere patris

Nec volo nec possum: ranarum viscera numquam
45 Inspexi. Ferre ad nuptam, quae mittit adulter,

37. When the vulgar spectators have notified their wishes, he gives the deathsignal which was waited for, to curry favour with the rabble;' LU. GR. and therefore might be said to kill' the gladiator: cf. 116. R. upon the principle qui facit per alium, facit per se.

From these magnificent exhibitions, they start off to the ediles to get some lucrative contract, no matter how sordid.' ACH.

38. They farm the jakes,' built for the accommodation of the public, upon payment of a trifle. conducere to contract for;' vi. 597. R. see note on 13. cf. Arist. Eth. iv. 1.

40. The elevation of such low people is solely attributable to a frolic of the blind goddess.' x. 366. Hor. I Od. xxxiv. 14 sqq. xxxv. 1 sqq. III Od. xxix. 49 sqq. M. vii. 197 sq. Stat. Th. iii. 179. Claud. in Eut. i. 23 sqq. Hence she is called improba; vi. 605 sqq. ivori δὲ καὶ τῶν τῆς Τύχης ἀγαθῶν καταφρονεῖν, ὁρῶντα, ὥσπερ ἐν σκηνῇ καὶ πολυπροσώπω δράματι. τὸν μὲν ἐξ οἰκέτου δεσπότην προϊὄντα, τὸν δ ̓ ἀντὶ πλουσίου πένητα, τὸν δὲ σατράπην ἐκ πίνητος ἢ βασιλέα τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ τὸ δεινότατόν ἐστιν. ὅτι, καίτοι μαρτυρουμένης τῆς Τύχης παίζειν τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράγματα καὶ ὁμολογούσης μηδὲν αὐτῶν εἶναι βέβαιον, ὅμως μεστοὶ περιΐασι xártis où yiyrquívar ilde Luc. in Nig. 20. R. [Livy xxx, 30, 2. ED.]

41. Vir bonus et pauper linguaque et pectore verus, quid tibi vis, Urbem qui, Fabiane, petis? qui nec leno potes nec comissator haberi, nec pavidos tristi voce citare reos; nec potes uxorem cari corrumpere amici, plaudere nec Cano plaudere nec Glaphyro. Unde miser vives? homo fidus, certus amicus. hoc nihil est: numquam sic Philomelus eris; Mart. IV. v. Wyatt, in his Epistle to his friend Poynes, shows that he had this Satire before him:

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'But how may I this honour now attaine, That cannot dye the colour black a lyer? My Poynes, I cannot frame my tune to fayn, To cloke the truth, for praise without desert, Of them that list all vice for to retayne." Hence he cannot prefer Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas to his Palæmon and Arcite: he cannot "Praise Syr Topas for a noble tale, And scorne the story that the Knight tolde. Praise him for counsell that is dronke of ale; Grinne when he laughes that beareth all the sway, Frowne when he frownes, and grone when he is pale; On others' lust to hang both night and day." G.

Librum: cf. Hor. A. P. 419 sqq. Pers. i. FA. quod tam grande "ropws!" clamat tibi turha togata, non tu, Pomponi, cœna diserta tua est; Mart. VI. xlviii. M.

42. Poscere to say I should be delighted to have a copy.' FA.

I am no astrologer.' FA. vi. 553 sqq. xiv. 248 sq. R.

43. Spondere; vi. 548. to the prodigal and expectant heir' (vi. 565 sqq.), R. qui filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos, Ον. Μ. i. 148. FA.

44. Though a soothsayer, I never explored the entrails of a toad, for the purpose of extracting poison. Er ranae rubetæ visceribus, id est, lingua, os siculo, liene, corde, mira fieri posse constat, sunt enim plurimis medicaminibus referta; Plin. FA. i. 70. PR. vi. 658. 563 sqq. M. Ov. M. xv. 577. R. Either our toad' is not the rana rubeta, or it has lost its noxious qualities in this country. The compounders of poisons might pretend to extract venom from toads, in order to conceal their secret, which more probably was some vegetable or mineral poison. G. 45. Quæ mittit, billets doux and presents.' GR.

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Quæ mandat, norunt alii: me nemo ministro
Fur erit atque ideo nulli comes exeo, tamquam
Mancus et exstincta corpus non utile dextræ.

Quis nunc diligitur, nisi conscius et cui fervens
50 Estuat occultis animus semperque tacendis?
Nil tibi se debere putat, nil conferet umquam,
Participem qui te secreti fecit honesti.

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Carus erit Verri, qui Verrem tempore quo vult
Accusare potest. Tanti tibi non sit opaci

55 Omnis arena Tagi quodque in mare volvitur aurum,
Ut somno careas ponendaque præmia sumas
Tristis et a magno semper timearis amico.

Quæ nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris
Et quos præcipue fugiam, properabo fateri

60 Nec pudor obstabit. Non possum ferre, Quirites,
Græcam Urbem: quamvis quota portio fæcis Achæi?

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46. Quæ mandat, messages.' GR. 47. I will never be an accessary to peculation, or lend myself as an agent to extortion; therefore no governor, when departing for one of the foreign provinces, would receive me into his train.' cf. 53 sq.

48. A cripple.' exstinctæ dextræ is a Grecism for exstincta dextra. I am not dexterous enough in knavery to be made any one's right-hand man.' 49. Quis? i. e. nemo, none, but the confidant of a guilty secret.' FA. vis fieri dives, Bithynice? conscius esto; Mart. VI. 1. 5. R.

50. Animo estuante reditum ad vada retulit; Cat. a metaphor from the sea raging and boiling' under the influence of a storm: fervet vertigine pontus; Ov. M. xi. 549. Maura semper aestuat unda; Hor. II Od. vi. 3 sq. "The wicked are like the troubled sea, when it cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt. There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked;" Isa. Ivii. 20 sq. M. Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame;" St Jude 13.

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51. To be under no obligation.' M. Nil tibi, vel minimum, basia pura dabunt; Mart. VI. 1. 6. R.

umquam, commissumque tegas, vel vino tortus et ira; Hor. I Ep. xviii. 37 sq. FA.

Estus serenos aureo franges Tago, obscurus umbris arborum; Mart. 1. 1. 15 sq. PR.

55. Now the Taio.' R. arena aurumque (v dià duoiv) golden sands.'

65. Some confound ponenda with proposita: (Virg. Æ. v. 292. 486.) it is rather equivalent to deponenda, especially in juxta-position with sumas; R. as in Hor. III Od. ii. 19. M. ii. 66.

57. • To your sorrow, οὐ χαίρων.

Cf. 113. i. 33. M. vi. 313. Roßspór ἐστι φόβος τῶν δυναμένων τι ποιῆσαι, ἐν παρασκευῇ γὰρ ἀνάγκη εἶναι τὸν τοιοῦτον· Arist. Rh. II. vi. 2. See the history of Pausanias in Thuc. i. 132 sqq.

59. Nec sequar aut fugiam, quæ diligit ipse vel odit; Hor. 1 Ep. i. 72. GR. 60. Pudor: Umbricius blushed for his country.

Quirites! is said in bitterness of spirit, and as a contrast to Græcam. vi. 16. 185 sqq. 291 sqq. xi. 169 sqq. xv. 110 sqq. Pers. vi. 38. K. Sil. iii. 178. xii. 41. 49. 69. Cic. pro Flac. Luc. Nig. 15. R.

61. A Grecian Rome. (xv. 110. R.) Yet when I see what a deluge of Asiatics the Orontes has disgorged into the Tiber, I must own that the filth of Greece bears but a small proportion to the inundation 54. Arcanum neque tu scrutaberis ullius of impurity with which we are over

53. Cf. ii. 26. PR. Tac. A. vi. 4. Amm. Marc. XXVIII. vi. 20. R. See 47.

Jam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes Et linguam et mores et cum tibicine chordas Obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum 65 Vexit et ad Circum jussas prostare puellas. 76 Ite, quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra. Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine, Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo.

Hic alta Sicyone ast hic Amydone relicta,

whelmed.' G. cf. xiii. 157. The depravity of the Greeks we learn from 1 Cor. vi. 9-11. and elsewhere in the New Testament. M. λa rà ïlvn ålgóws aúródi (at Rome) συνώκισται, ὡς τὸ Καππαδοκῶν καὶ Σύρων καὶ Ποντικῶν καὶ ἄλλων πλειόνων Ath. i. 36. BO.

62. The inhabitants of the East, and especially of Antioch, which was on the Orontes, (Julian. Misop. Herodian II. vii. 15. HN.) were scandalously debauched in their morals, (viii. 158 sq.) and introduced quite new fashions; (vii. 14 sqq. viii. 198 sqq.) Mart. III. iv. V. Ivi. Suet. Ves. 19. For a similar metaphor, see vi. 295. Claud. Eut. i. 434. Isa. viii. 6-8. R.

63. Luxuria peregrina origo ab exercitu Asiatico invecta in urbem est; tum psaltria sambucistriæque et convivialia ludionum oblectamenta addita epulis; Liv. xxxix. 6. the sambucum was a triangular lyre. The harp and flute' were very generally played together; cf. Hor. E. ix. 5 sq. and elsewhere. SP.

64. National tambourines." VS. Lucr. ii. 618. R.

65. There were several Circuses at Rome. The Circus Maximus is here meant, which was first built by Tarquinius Priscus, PR. and by subsequent alterations was able to accommodate 260,000 spectators, KN. being more than three furlongs in length, and one broad; Plin. xxxvi. 15 s 24. BRI. See 223.

To stand for hire.' vi. 123. R. i. 47. Puellas, et quas Euphrates et quas mihi misit Orontes; Prop. II. xxiii. 21. R. 66. Hie thither.' G.

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The barbarian harlot with embroidered' (understand acu) turban.' These women were termed lupe from their rapacity; and the houses where they lodged, lupanaria. The Greeks and Romans called all foreigners' barbarians.' M. See note on Her. i. pr.

Cf. ii. 84. PR. Virg. Æ. iv. 216.

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It is not agreed what part of the dress is meant by residuva. It may be the same as ivdeouis, a gymnastic dress,' 103. vi. 245. T. or the succinct vest of the Greek wrestlers,' G. or a suit of livery,' cf. v. 143. RU. or a cloak in which they ran for their supper or dole,' 127 sq. LU. PR. HO. or Grecian shoes,' VS. SA. HN. or the same as wxnrhgia, i. e. ' prizes worn round the neck, which served as badges to distinguish such as were entitled to partake of the suppers provided at the public expense.' JS. RI. VO.

Quirinus, a surname of Romulus, derived from curis a Sabine word signifying a spear;' or from Cures, after the admission of the Sabines into Rome. Mars was called Gradivus when incensed, and Quirinus when pacified. Ov. F. ii. 475 sqq. PR. cf. ii. 128.

68. Cf. ii. 143. ACH. Ceroma was an ointment made of oil, wax, and clay; LU. (Mart. VII. xxxii. 9. PR.) Plin. xxviii. 4 s 13. xxxv. 12 sq. R. with which they besmeared their neck and breast, and that profusely; for Seneca, telling his friend Lucilius of a journey he had taken, says, "the roads were so bad that he rather swam than walked, and, before he got to his inn, was plastered over with ceroma like a prize-fighter.' G. Mart. IV. iv. 10. xix. 5.

69. Cf. vii. 14 sqq. Sicyon, in Achaia, was irl aópor iguμvóv Strab. viii. p. 587. R.

70 Hic Andro, ille Samo, hic Trallibus aut Alabandis,
Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem,
Viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri.
"Ingenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo

Promptus et Isæo torrentior. Ede, quid illum
75 Esse putes? quem vis hominem, secum adtulit ad nos:
Grammaticus, rhetor, geometres, pictor, aliptes,
Augur, schoenobates, medicus, magus; omnia novit.
Græculus esuriens in cœlum, jusseris, ibit. .

Ad summam, non Maurus erat neque Sarmata nec Thrax, 80 Qui sumsit pennas, mediis sed natus Athenis.

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Tralles a frontier town of Lydia. PR. Alabanda a rich city of Caria. LU. 71. The Esquiline and Viminal Hills,' two of the seven on which Rome stood, are put for the city itself. The former is now the Mount of St Mary the Greater.' PR. It had its name from esculi the bay-oaks' which grew there: M. but cf. Ov. F. iii. 245. R.

72. The vital organs.' PR. 73. Ingenium velox; Ov. M. viii. 254. R.

74. ' Than that of Isæus.' R. There were two celebrated orators of this name: (1) the preceptor of Demosthenes, who came to Athens from Chalcis: Quint. xii. 10. (2) An Assyrian, who fourished at Rome in Hadrian's reign: Plin. Ep. ii. 3. BRI.

More rapidly fluent.' torrens dicendi copia et facundia; x. 9 sq. 128. Quint. III. viii. 60. Plin. xxvi. 3. cf. largus et erundans ingenii fons; x. 119. Hom. II. A 249. Hor. IV. ii. 5 sqq. R.

'Tell me ;' 296. &c. Quid; cf. i. 74. xi. 33. Ov. Her. xii. 31. R.

75. He is a Jack of all trades: nothing comes amiss to him; he is such a universal genius.' M.

76. Terra mensor; Hor. I Od. xxviii. 1 sq. PR. geometres must be scanned as three syllables: FA. thus uno eodemque igni; Virg. E. viii. 81.

An anointer' of wrestlers in the gymnasium (from λúpuv): FA. who had

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A Rope-dancer' (from exovos and Baivu)funambulus; Ter. Hec.pr.4.34.FA. In Persis augurantur et divinant magi: nec quisquam rex Persarum esse potest, qui non ante magorum disciplinam scientiamque perceperit; Cic. Div. i. 90. PR.

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78. The diminutive Greekling' G. is used in contempt. cf. 61. R. Arist. Rh. III. ii. 6.

Esuriens. Quis expedivit psittaco suum xaïgs picasque docuit nostra verba conari? Magister artis ingenique largitor venter, negatas artifex sequi voces; Pers. pr. 8 sqq. FA. vía sis cœoudèv imaváyu καὶ πεπλανημένην ἔξω καὶ περὶ πολλὰ τὴν διάνοιαν κεχηνυῖαν πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐπιστρέφει Chrys. Or. IV. ad Ant. R." Necessity is the mother of Invention."

Ibit he will try.' calum ipsum petimus stultitia; Hor. I Od. iii. 38. R. 79. In short.' LU. Sarmata; ii. 1. PR.

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80. There is here a double allusion; (1) to Dedalus, i. 54. who was either grandson or great-grandson, of Erechtheus king of Athens: (2) to a man at Rome, who made an attempt to fly in the reign of Nero: inter Pyrrhicarum argumenta, Icarus primo statim conatu juxta cubiculum ejus (Neronis) decidit, ipsumque cruore respersit; Suet. Ner. 12. Mart. Sp. viii. Though there is no certainty that this latter was an Athenian. R. GR.

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