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Consilium dedimus Sullæ, privatus ut altum
Dormiret. Stulta est clementia, quum tot ubique
Vatibus occurras, perituræ parcere chartæ.

7

Cur tamen hoc potius libeat decurrere campo,
20 Per quem magnus equos Aurunca flexit alumnus,
Si vacat et placidi rationem admittitis, edam."
Quum tener uxorem ducat spado, Mævia Tuscum
Figat aprum et nuda teneat venabula mamma;/
Patricios omnes opibus quum provocet unus,
25 Quo tondente gravis juveni mihi barba sonabat;
Quum pars Niliacæ plebis, quum verna Canopi

what it was to be a schoolboy. Ferulæ
tristes, sceptra pædagogorum, Mart. X.
lxii. 10. were used as the cane' to
punish scholars by striking them across
the palm. PR. It was natural for boys
to withdraw their hand when the blow
was coming. M.

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Ergo, with that object in view.' R.

16. Boys were taught Rhetoric by having a thesis proposed on which they were to take the opposite sides of the question. cf. vii. 150 sqq. Senec. Suas. iii. v. vi. vii. Ciceroni dabimus consilium, ut Antonium roget, vel Philippicas exurat; Quint. III. viii. 46. R. The subject which Juvenal had to handle was of the deliberative kind, advising L. Corn. Sulla to retire from public life. Sulla did resign the perpetual dictatorship; and died the following year. For his character, see Sall. B. J. and Val. Maxim. ix. 2. LU. PR. Prince Henry thus apostrophises his father's crown: "Golden care! That keep'st the ports of slumber open wide To many a watchful night! Sleep with it now! Yet not so sound, and half so deeply sweet, As he, whose brow, with homely biggin bound, Snores out the watch of night;" K. H. 1v. pt. i. A. IV. sc. iv.

19. The metaphor is taken from the chariot races in the Campus Martius, M. or in the Circensian games. cf. Ov. Fast. ii. 360. iv. 10. vi. 586, &c. R.

20. Lucilius,' a native of Suessa, (which was afterwards called S. Aurunca, from the Aurunci migrating thither when pressed by a war with the Sidicini,) was the first regular satirist. JS. LU. G. He wrote thirty books. R.

22. Roman ladies married eunuchs' to avoid having a family. vi. 368. BRI,

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Spectacula magnifica assidue et sumptuosa edidit (Domitianus);—venationes gladiatoresque;-nec virorum modo pugnas, sed et feminarum; Suet. Dom. 4. cf. vi. 246 sqq. Mart. Spect. ep. vi. Tac. An. xv. 33. Stat. Sylv. I. vi. 53. Severus put a stop to this disgraceful practice: Xiphil. Sev. lxxv. 16. BRI. LI. Maria denotes no individual in particular. R.

The Tuscan boars' were said to be peculiarly fierce. GRE. The epithet, however, may be merely ornamental, as Marsus aper; Hor. I Od. i. 28. R.

23. Such was the costume both of the Amazons and of huntresses; as of Penthesilea, Virg. Æ. i. 492. of Camilla, Id. xi. 649. of Asbyte, Sil. ii. 78. and of Diana; Id. xii. 715. R.

24. The person here meant is either Licinus the freedman and barber of Augustus, (Hor. A. P. 301.); or rather Cinnamus, (x. 225.) qui tonsor fuerat tota notissimus urbe, et post hæc domina munere factus eques; Mart. VII. Ixiv. GRE. PR.

25. This line recurs x. 226. GRÆ. It is a parody on candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat; Virg. E. i. 29. PR. The term juvenis extended to the middle period of life, which the words gravis and sonabat seem to denote. The satirist is pointing out the rapid rise of his quondam tonsor. G.

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Crispinus, Tyrias humero revocante lacernas, Ventilet æstivum digitis sudantibus aurum, Nec sufferre queat majoris pondera gemmæ: 30 Difficile est Satiram non scribere. Nam quis iniquæ Tam patiens Urbis, tam ferreus, ut teneat se, Causidici nova quum veniat lectica Mathonis

custom among the people of Italy in great emergencies to devote to the Gods whatever should be born during the next spring. Paul. ex Fest. F. Such victims resembled the Cherem of the Hebrews. cf. Judges xi. [Livy xxii, 10; 9, 11. ED.] Canopus, not far from Alexandria, was notorious for a temple of Serapis, and the scene of every grossness and debauchery. FA. vi. 84. R. xv. 46. PR. This city was built by Menelaus and named after his pilot. VS.

27. Crispinus rose, under Nero, from the condition of a slave, to riches and honours. His connexion with that monster recommended him to Domitian, with whom he seems to have been in high favour: he shared his counsels, ministered to his amusements, and was the ready instrument of his cruelties. For these, and other causes, Juvenal regarded him with perfect detestation: and whenever he introduces him, (which he does on all occasions,) it is with mingled contempt and horror. Here he is not only a • Niliacan,' (an expression which conveyed more to Juvenal's mind than it does to ours,) but a 'Canopian,' a native of the most profligate spot in Egypt: not only one of the dregs of the people, but a slave; and not only a slave, but a slave born of a slave! Hence the poet's indignation at his effeminate luxury. G.

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The Tyrian' purple was a very expensive dye: x. 38. GRO. iii, 81. the most costly dresses were twice dipt; in duerat Tyrio bis tinctam murice pallam; Ov. F. ii. 107. Lacerna, 62. ix. 28. signifies a • loose upper mantle, also called abolla; GRÆ. nescit cui dederit Tyriam Crispinus abollam, dum mutat cultus, &c. Martial VIII. xlviii. G.

Revocante has been variously interpreted. It may mean that the cloak was looped up and fastened on the shoulder by a clasp: GRO. fibula mordaci refugas a pectore vestes dente capit; Sidon. ii. 396. Revocat fulvas in pectore pelles; Claudian. in Ruf. ii. 79. cf. Eund. in Eutr. ii. 183. Prudent.

Psych. 186 sqq. R. Or that, the weather being hot, the mantle was not fastened; therefore the shoulder endeavoured by shrugging to hoist up and replace the robe; which was as constantly slipping off from it, and the more so from the waving of the arm to and fro, 28. M. as well as from the awkwardness of a wearer but newly accustomed to such finery. R. The most simple interpretation seems to be that the delicate shoulder, which in winter had laid aside its summer mantles for warmer cloaks, now, with the change of weather, resumed' its thinner robes: revocare being opposed to omittere; Suet. Vesp. 16. HK. to intermittere; Cic. T.Q. i. 1. to amittere; Id. Fam. vii. 26 fin. and signifying in usum reducere: cf. ii. 30. Hor. IV Od. xv. 12. Suet. Claud. 22. Tac. An. i. 20. F. ·

28. The Romans were so effeminate as to wear a lighter ring in warm weather: T. Plin. xxxiii. 1. PR. and even this summer ring' (levis annulus; Mart. V. Ixi. 5. GRE.) was oppressively hot: cf. vi. 259 sqq. quod tener digitus ferre recuset, onus; Ov. Am. II. xvi. 22. R. v. BO. p. 412. Servants wore an iron ring, plebeians one of silver, and those of equestrian rank a golden one. Freedmen were allowed to wear the latter, if they had an equestrian estate, but were not considered actual knights. PL. Ventilare may mean 'to take off from the finger and fan backwards and forwards in order to cool it ;' BRI. or to wave the hand, affectedly, to and fro in the air, in order to show off the ring : γελοῖοι οἱ πλουτοῦντες, καὶ τὰς πορφυρίδας προφαίνοντες, καὶ τοὺς δακτύ λους προτείνοντες. Luc. Nigr. 21. R.

30. Cf. Hor. II S. i. R.

31. Ovid. Am. II. v. 11. Tib. II. iii. 2. aiongó@gav: ferrea pectora; vii. 150. illi robur et as triplex circa pectus erat; Hor.

I Od. iii. 9. R. Mart. XI. xxvii. 1.

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Plena ipso? post hunc magni delator amici

Et cito rapturus de nobilitate comesa,

35 Quod superest, quem Massa timet, quem munere palpat. Carus et a trepido Thymele submissa Latino?

Quum te submoveant, qui testamenta merentur

Noctibus, in cœlum quos evehit optima summi il lett

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slaves: 64. PR. M. Recens sella linteisque lorisque; Mart. II. lvii. 6. FA. Matho, vii. 129. xi. 34. was starving as a lawyer,' and thereupon turned informer, which he found a more profitable trade; he has now set up his sedan, and is grown so immoderately fat as to fill it himself. cf. 136. VS. BRI. G. Martial often attacks him: IV. lxxx. lxxxi. VIII. xlii. X. xlvi. XI. lxviii. PR.

33. Either (1) Heliodorus, the Stoic, who laid an information against his pupil L. Junius Silanus: or (2) Egnatius Celer, the Philosopher who denounced his pupil Barea Soranus to Nero, iii. 116. and was afterwards himself condemned under Vespasian on the accusation of Musonius Rufus: or (3) Demetrius the lawyer, who laid informations against several in Nero's reign: VS. or (4) M. Regulus, who became formidable to the Emperor's friends' as well as his own; BRI, omnium bipedum nequissimus; see Pliny i. 5. 20. ii. 5. 20. iv. 2. 7. vi. 2. Tac. Hist. iv. 42. cf. magna amicitia; iv. 74. vi. 559. 313. PR. R. The difficulty of fixing on any particular name affords matter for melancholy reflection. That so many should at the same period be guilty of the complicated crimes of treachery and ingratitude, gives a dreadful picture of the depravity then prevalent in Rome. G.

34. The nobility were ruined by proscriptions and confiscations; LU. and the informers came in for their share of the spoil. PR.

35. Hi sunt, quos timent etiam qui timentur; Sidon. Ep. v. 7. R.

Massa, Carus, and Latinus were freedmen of Nero and notorious informers. The two former were put to death on the information of Heliodorus, although they had given him hush-money. The latter was executed on suspicion of having intrigued with Messalina. VS. [But these particulars are questionable.] Bæbius Massa was prosecuted for malepractices in

his government of Bætica, and condemned to refund his peculations. Though he contrived to elude the sentence, he ceased to be powerful, and is stigmatized as a thief by Martial, XII. xxix. Mettius Carus started later in the same line, and outlived his success, falling into poverty and contempt. Tac. Hist. iv. 50. Ag. 45. Plin. i. 5. iii. 4. vi. 29. vii. 19, 27, 33. &c. Mart. XII. xxv. 5. PR. R. G.

Palpare is properly applied to horses. Horace uses the same metaphor in speaking of Augustus; cui male si pulpere, recalcitrat undique tutus; II S. i. 20. R.

36. Thymele (vμían · the raised platform of the stage') was an actress and celebrated dancer, and, some say, the wife of Latinus. vi. 66. viii. 197. Mart. I. v. 5. IX. xxix. Suet. Dom. 15. She was sent privately' to propitiate the informer either by presents, or by artifices, or by more disreputable means. Even Latinus the Emperor's favourite was obliged to resort to such an expedient for deprecating ruin. BRI. GRÆ. PR. R. There is an allusion to the plot of some well-known piece in which Latinus, who acted the gallant, deputes Thymele, who personified the lady with whom he had intrigued, to extricate him from the scrape with her jealous and incensed spouse. T. If so, we should read ut for et. Övid gives the ordinary dramatis personæ of these mimes (1) cultus adulter, (2) callida nupta, (3) stultus vir, and reprobates the immorality of pieces, in which, cum fefellit amans aliqua novitate maritum, plauditur; Tr. ii. 497 sqq. (See the note on vi. 42— 44.) Scena sales inverecundos, agentium strophas, adulterorum fallacias,—ipsos quoque patresfumilias togatos, modo stupidos, modo obscænos; Cypr. de Spect. p. 4. cf. viii. 192. 197. v. 171. HR.

37. Supplant thee, the heir at law.' LU.

38. Noctibus i. e. by administering to the guilty pleasures of the testatrix.' M.

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Nunc via processus, vetulæ vesica beatæ?

40 Unciolam Proculejus habet, sed Gillo deuńcem,
Partes quisque suas ad mensuram inguinis heres.
Accipiat sane mercedem sanguinis et sic
Palleat, ut nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,
Aut Lugdunensem rhetor, dicturus ad aram.
Quid referam, quanta siccum jecur ardeat ira,

45

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Quum populum gregibus comitum premit hic spoliatores fill
Pupilli prostantis? et hic damnatus inani

Judicio (quid enim salvis infamia numis ?)

fence (Exsul ab octava Marius bibit et fruitur Dis

In cœlum to the height of their ambition; thus sunt quos palma nobilis terrarum dominos evehit ad Deos, and me doctarum hederæ præmia frontium Dis miscent superis, and quod si me lyricis vatibus inseris, sublimi feriam sidera vertice; Hor. I Od. i.

39. The pruriency of some wealthy beldame.' iv. 4. beatus occurs in the same sense; v. 67. vi. 204. Ov. Am. I. xv. 34. Sil. i. 609. R.

40. The Romans divided property as they did the as, the jugerum, &c. into twelve parts or unciæ; which were computed thus, uncia, — (=}) sextans,

(4) quadrans, (=) triens, quincunx, (=) semis, septunx, (=) bessis, (4) dodrans, 9 (=) dextans, 1 (= 1-1) deunx, (=1) as. T. Hence heres ex asse was one to whom an entire estate fell, (Mart. VII. Ixvi.) heres ex deunce one who had all but one twelfth, heres ex uncia one who inherited one twelfth only, heres ex unciola one who had even less than that. R. cf. Hor. A. P. 325 sqq.

Proculejus and Gillo were two noted paramours of these old ladies. M.

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41. In proportion to his powers.' 42. Sanguinis i. e. of the ruin of his health and constitution.' M.

43. Virg. Æ. ii. 379 sqq. M. Ov. Fast. ii. 341. Hom. Il. r 33 sqq. R.

44. Caligula instituit in Gallia, Lugduni, certamen Græcæ Latinæque facundiæ, quo ferunt victoribus præmia victos contulisse, eorundem et laudes componere coactos: eos autem, qui maxime displicuissent, scripta sua spongia linguave delere jussos, nisi ferulis objurgari aut flumine proximo mergi maluissent; Suet. Cal. 20.

LU. The altar at Lyons' was at the confluence of the Soane and the Rhone, where the abbey of Asnay now stands. This has been looked upon as a sacred spot from the earliest ages. After the subjection of the country, the natives built a temple and altar here to Augustus, and renewed the ancient festival, to which there was annually a great resort. cf. Dio liv. lix. 19. Strab. iv. Suet. Claud. 2. R. G.

45. The ancients considered the 'liver' as the seat of the passions: fervens difficili bile tumet jecur; Hor. I Od. xiii. 4. torrere jecur; IV Od. i. 12. M. facit ira nocentem hunc sexum, et rabie jecur incendente feruntur præcipites; vi. 647. cf. vii. 117. xiii. 14. 181. Pers. i. 12. 25. ii. 13. v. 129. Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 240 sqq. Hom. 11. A 81. 1 550. CAS. R.

46. Quem grex togatus sequitur; Mart. II. lvii. 5. Comites (v. 119.) denotes ' retainers, dependents, clients, &c.' R. whereas socii are equals.' cf. Hor. I Od. vii. 26.

47. Rather pupillæ : cf. iii. 65. vi. 123. ix. 24. R. Reduced to seek a wretched livelihood by prostitution.' PR.

Marius Priscus, proconsul of Africa, was tried in the third year of Trajan for extortion, condemned to disgorge into the treasury about £6000, and banished from Italy. The penalty was a mere trifle out of the vast sums he had accumulated by his rapacity; and the province was not reimbursed. Plin. ii. 11 sq. PR. G. cf. viii. 94 sqq. 119 sqq. R.

48. Understand nocet. GRO.

49. It was the custom at Rome to take a bath at the eighth hour (2 o'clock

1

50 Iratis; at tu victrix provincia ploras?

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Hæc ego non credam Venusina digna lucerna?
Hæc ego non agitem? Sed quid magis Heracleas
Aut Diomedeas aut mugitum Labyrinthi

Et mare percussum puero fabrumque volantem?
55 Quum leno accipiat mochi bona, si capiendi
Jus nullum uxori, doctus spectare lacunar,
Doctus et ad calicem vigilanti stertere naso;

in the afternoon), and to go to dinner at the ninth. A. cf. xi. 204. M. Mart. IV. viii. Hor. I Ep. vii. 71. and see notes on vi. 419. R. and on Pers. iii. 4.

Reaps the fruits of divine wrath,' being better off than he was before his condemnation. Thus Juno says of Hercules, "superat et crescit malis, iraque nostra fruitur; in laudes suas mea vertit odia;" Sen. H. F. 34. GRO. whence his name "Heas xλios. PR. Peccat: vitio tamen utitur; Pers. ii. 68. R.

50. Cf. v. 158. ix. 77. inveniet nil sibi, præter plorare, suisque; Hor. II S. v. 68. R. Vincere was a forensic term. GR. victrix is an instance of oxymoron.

51. The lucubrations of a Horace;' who was born at Venusia, LU. on the confines of Lucania and Apulia: hence he speaks of himself as Lucanus an Appulus, anceps: nam Venusinus arat finem sub utrumque colonus; II S. i.

34. PR.

52. Quid for cur, as i for διατί; understand fabulas scribam: “ on the labours of Hercules, and the adventures of Diomede, either the Thracian who fed his stud on human fesh, or the Ætolian. Plin. x. 44. Ον. Μ. Χίν. 540 sqq. Virg. Α. xi. 243 sqq. Τ. PR.

R.

53. The bellowing of the' Minotaur in the Cretan labyrinth; which was built by Daedalus on the plan of that in Egypt, only a hundred times smaller. There was a third in Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy. Plin. xxxvi. 13. The first is described by Herodotus, ii. 148. See Virg. Æn. vi. 14–33. Ovid. Met. viii. 155 sqq. PR.

54. Plin. iv. 11. vii. 56. Icarus Icariis nomina fecit aquis; Ovid. I Tr. i. 90. Ceratis ope Dadalea nititur pennis, vitreo daturus nomina ponto; Hor. IV Od. ii. 2. Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera pennis non homini datis; I Od. iii. 34. Ov.

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Met. viii. 183 sqq. This fable had its origin from the invention of masts and sails by Dædalus. PR.

55. By a law of Domitian, an adulteress was precluded from receiving any legacy or inheritance: Suet. Dom. 8. To evade this law the fortune of the gallant was settled on the husband, who for this consideration turned pander to his wife's dishonour. BRI. cf. ix. 82 sqq. and particularly 87 sq. HR.

56. As though absorbed in thought, or at any rate quite unobservant of what was going on. M.

57. Ipse miser vidi, cum me dormire putares, sobrius apposito crimina vestra mero; Ov. Am. II. v. 13. GR. Quærit adulteros inter mariti vina;—non sine conscio surgit marito; Hor. III. Od. vi. 25. 29. PR. Αὐτῷ τις γήμας πιθανὴν τῷ γεί τον ῥέγχει, καὶ τρέφεται τοῦτ ̓ ἦν εὔκολος ἐργασία. μὴ πλεῖν, μὴ σκάπτειν, ἀλλ' εὐστομάχως ἀπορέγχειν, ἀλλοτρίῳ δαπάνη πλούσια βοσκόμενον Parmenio. R. Κάλβας εἱστία Μαικήναν, εἶτα ὁρῶν διαπληκτιζόμενον ἀπὸ νευμάτων πρὸς τὸ γύναιον, ἀπέκλινεν ἡσυχῆ τὴν κεφαλὴν, ὡς δὴ καθεύδων· ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τῶν οἰκετῶν τινὸς προσρυέντος ἔξωθεν τῇ τραπέζῃ, καὶ τὸν οἶνον ὑφαιρουμένου διαβλέψας, κακόδαιμον, εἶπεν, · οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι μόνῳ Μαικήνα καθεύδω;” Plut. Erot. t. ix. p. 45. HN. There was one Cepius of whom a similar story was told; whence came the Latin proverb

non omnibus dormio.' E. RH. There is a double meaning in the word vigilanti; though the man appeared to be fast asleep, yet his nose seemed to be wide awake, if you might judge by the noise it made. So an dormit Sceledrus intus? Non naso quidem, nam eo magno magnum clamat; Plaut. Mil. Farquhar makes Mrs. Sullen give a similar account of her drunken husband: " My whole night's comfort is the tunable serenade of that wakeful nightingale-his nose." M.

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