Nasus, and -um, the nose. Ruscus, and -um, a brush. Seps, and sepes, f. a hedge. Segmen, and -mentum, a piece or paring. Věternus, and -um, o lethargy. Note. The nouns which are called variable and defective, seem originally to have been redundant; thus, vāsa, -orum, properly comes from vasum, and not from vas; but custom, which gives laws to all languages, has dropt the singular and retained the plural; and so of others. Division of Nouns according to their signification and derivation. 1. A substantive which signifies many in the singular number, is called a Collective noun; as, populus, a people; exercitus, an army. 2. A substantive derived from another substantive proper, signifying one's extraction, is called a Patronymic noun; as, Priămides, the son of Priamus; Æētias, the daughter of Eētes; Nerine, the daughter of Nereus. Patronymics are generally derived from the name of the father; but the poets, by whom they are chiefly used, derive them also from the grandfather, or from some other remarkable person of the family; sometimes likewise from the founder of a nation or people; as, Æăcides, the son, grandson, great-grandson, or one of the posterity of Eăcus; Romulidæ, the Romans, from their first king, Romulus. Patronymic names of men end in des; of women in is, as, or ne. Those in des and ne, are of the first declension, and those in is and as, of the third; as, Priamides, -dæ, &c. pl. dæ, -darum, &c. Nērīne, -es; Tyndāris, -idis, or -idos; Æētias, -ădis, &c. 3. A noun derived from a substantive proper, signifying one's country, is called a Partial or Gentile noun; as, Tros, Trois, a man born at Troy; Troas, -ădis, a woman born at Troy: Siculus, -i, a Sicilian man; Sīcēlis, -idis, a Sicilian woman : so, Măcēdo, -ŏnis; Arpīnas, -ātis, a man born in Macedonia, Arpinum; from Troja, Sicilia, Macedonia, Arpinum. But partials, for the most part, are to be considered as adjectives having a substantive understood; as, Romānus, Atheniensis, &c. 4. A substantive derived from an adjective, expressing simply the quality of the adjective, without regard to the thing in which the quality exists, is called an Abstract; as, justitia, justice; bonitas, goodness; dulcedo, sweetness: from justus, just; bonus, good; dulcis, sweet. The adjectives from which these abstracts come, are called Concretes; because, besides the quality, they also suppose something to which it belongs. Abstracts commonly end in a, as, or do, and are very numerous, being derived from most adjectives in the Latin tongue. 5. A substantive derived from another substantive, signifying a diminution or lessening of its signification, is called a Diminutive; as, libellus, a little book; chartula, a little paper; opucsulum, a little work; corculum, a little heart; reticulum, a small net; scabellum, a small form; lapillus, a little stone; cultellus, a little knife; pagella, a little page; from liber, charta, opus, cor, rēte, scamnum, lapis, culter, pagina. Several diminutives are sometimes formed from the same primitive; as, from puer, puerulus, puellus, puellulus; from cista, cistula, cistella, cistellula; from homo, homuncio, homunculus. Diminutives for the most part end in lus, la, lum, and are generally of the same gender with their primitives. When the signification of the primitive is increased, it is called an Amplificative, and ends in o; as, Căpito, -ōnis, having a large head; so, nãso, lăbeo, bucco, having a large nose, lips, cheeks. 6. A substantive derived from a verb is called a Verbal noun; as, amor, love; doctrīna, learning; from ămo, and doceo. Verbal nouns are very numerous, and commonly end in io, or, us, and ura; as, lectio, a lesson; ămător, a lover; luctus, grief; creatura, a creature. ADJECTIVE. An adjective is a word added to a substantive, to express its quality; as, hard, soft. We know things by their qualities only. Every quality must belong to some subject. An adjective therefore always implies a substantive expressed or understood, and cannot make full sense without it. Adjectives in Latin are varied by gender, number, and case, to agree with substantives in all these accidents. An adjective properly hath neither genders, numbers, nor cases; but certain terminations answering to the gender, number, and case of the substantive with which it is joined. Adjectives are varied like three substantives of the same termination and declension. All adjectives are either of the first and second declension, or of the third only. Adjectives of three terminations are of the first and second declension; but adjectives of one or two terminations are of the third. Exc. The following adjectives, though they have three terminations, are of the third declension: ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. Adjectives of the first and second declension have their masculine in us or er, their feminine always in a, and their neuter always in um; as, bonus, for the masculine bona, for the feminine; bonum, for the neuter, good. See declension of bonus, page 7. Těner, tenera, tenerum, tender. See declension of tener, page 7. Asper, rough. Cæter, (hardly used,) the rest. Gibber, crook-backed. Like tener, decline, Lăcer, torn. Liber, free. Miser, wretched. Also the compounds of gero and fero; as, lāniger, bearing wool; opifer, bringing help, &c. Likewise sălur, satura, saturum, full. But most adjectives in er drop the e; as, ater, alra, atrum, black; genitive atri, atra, atri: dative atro, atræ, atro, &c. See declension of pulcher, page 7. So, Eger, sick. Creber, frequent. Glaber, smooth. Măcer, lean. Niger, black. Piger, slow. Săcer, sacred. Ruber, red. Dexter, right, has -tra, -trum, or -těra, -těrum. Scăber, rough. Vǎfer, crafty. OBS. 1. The following adjectives have their genitive singular in ius, and the dative in i, through all their genders in the other cases like bonus and tener. Uter, utrius, whether of the two. Uterque, utriusque, both. Uterlibet, -triuslibet, which of the two you please. Alterŭter, the one or the other, alterutrius, alterutri, and sometimes alterius utrius, alteri utri, &c. These adjectives, except totus, are called Partitives; and seem to resemble, in their signification as well as declension, what are called pronominal adjectives. In ancient writers we find them declined like bonus, page 7. OBS. 2. To decline an adjective properly, it should always be joined with a substantive in the different genders; as, bonus liber, a good book; bona penna, a good pen; bonum sedile, a good seat. But as the adjective in Latin is often found without its substantive joined with it, we therefore, in declining bonus, for instance, commonly say bonus, a good man, understanding vir or homo; bona, a good woman, understanding fæmina; and bonum, a good thing, understanding negotium. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 1. Adjectives of one termination; as, felix, for the masculine, felix for the feminine, felix for the neuter, happy. See declension of felix, page 7. Amens, -tis, mad. Audax, acis, and -ens, -tis, bold. Căpax, capacious. Clemens, -tis, merciful. In like manner decline, Frequens, frequent. Ingens, huge. Iners, -tis, sluggish. Mordax, biting, satyrical. Pernix, -icis, swift. Pervicax, wilful. 2. Adjectives of two terminations; as, lenis, for the masculine and feminine; lene, for the neuter, mild; so, lenior, lenior, lenius, milder. See declension of lenis, page 7. See declension of lenior, page 7. In like manner all comparatives are declined. 3. Adjectives of three terminations; as, acer or acris, for the masculine; acris, for the feminine; acre, for the neuter, sharp; thus, In like manner ălăcer or alacris, celer or celĕris, célèber or celebris, sālūber or salubris, volucer or volucris, &c. RULES. 1. Adjectives of the third declension have e or i in the ablative singular; but if the neuter be in e, the ablative has i only. 2. The genitive plural ends in ium, and the neuter of the nominative, accusative, and vocative in ia: except comparatives, which have um and a. EXCEPTIONS. Exc. 1. Dives, hospes, sospes, superstes, jūvěnis, senex, and pauper, have e only in the ablative singular, and consequently um in the genitive plural. Exc. 2. The following have also e in the ablative singular, and um, not ium, in the gen. plural: Compos, -otis, master of, that hath obtained his desire; impos, -otis, unable; inops, õpis, poor; supplex, -icis, suppliant, humble; uber, -ĕris, fertile; consors, -tis, sharing, a partner; degener, -ĕris, degenerate, or degenerating; vigil, watchful; puber, -ĕris, of age, marriageable; and celer. Also compounds in ceps, sex, pes, and corpor; as, particeps, partaking of; artifex, -icis, cunning, an artist; bipes, pedis, two-footed; bicorpor, -oris, two-bodied, &c. All these have seldom the neuter singular, and almost never the neuter plural in the nominative and accusative. To which add měmor, mindful, which has memori, memòrum : also, dēses, rèses, hēbes, perpes, præpes, tères, concòlor, versicolor, which likewise for the most part want the genitive plural. Exc. 3. Par, equal, has only pări: but its compounds have either e or i; as, compăre, or -ri. Vetus, old, has vetěra, and veterum: plus, more, which is only used in the neuter singular, has plure and in the plural, plures, plura or pluria, plurium. Exc. 4. Exspes, hopeless; and potis, -e, able, are only used in the nominative. Potis has also sometimes potis in the neuter. REMARKS. 1. Comparatives and adjectives in us, have e more frequently than i; and participles in the ablative called absolute have generally e; as, Tiberio regnante, not regnanti, in the reign of Tiberius. 2. Adjectives joined with substantives neuter for the most part have i; as, victrīci ferro, not victrice. 3. Different words are sometimes used to express the different genders; as, victor, victorious, for the masculine; victrix, for the feminine. Victrix, in the plural, has likewise the neuter gender; thus, victrices, victricia; so ultor, and ultrix, revengeful. Victrix is also neuter in the singular. 4. Several adjectives compounded of clivus, frenum, bacillum, arma, jugum, limus, somnus, and animus, end in is or us; and therefore are either of the first and second declension, or of the third; as, declivis, -is, -e; and declivus, -a, -um, steep; imbēcillis, and imbecillus, weak; semisomnis, and semisom nus, half asleep; exanimis, and exanimus, lifeless. But several of them do not admit of this variation; thus we say, magnănìmus, flexanimus, effrēnus, levisomnus; not magnanimis, &c. On the contrary, we say, pusillanimis, injugis, illīmis, insomnis, exsomnis; not pusillanimus, &c. So semianimis, inermis, sublimis, acclivis, declivis, proclivis; rarely semianimus, &c. 5. Adjectives derived from nouns are called Denominatives; as, cordātus, mērātus, cælestis, ădămantinus, corporeus, agrestis, æstivus, &c. from cor, mos, cælum, adamas, &c. Those which diminish the signification of their primitives, are called Diminutives; as, misellus, parvălus, dūriuscălus, &c. Those which signify a great deal of a thing, are called Amplificatives, and end in osus, or entus; as, vinōsus, vinolentus, given to much wine; opěrōsus, laborious; plumbōsus, full of lead; nödösus, knotty, full of knots; corpulentus, corpulent, &c. Some end in tus; as, aurītus, having long or large ears; nasutus, having a large nose; literatus, learned, &c. 6. An adjective derived from a substantive, or from another adjective, signifying possession or property, is called a Possessive Adjective; as, Scoticus, paternus, herīlis, alienus, of or belonging to Scotland, a father, a master, another; from Scotia, pater, herus, and alius. 7. Adjectives derived from verbs are called Verbals; as, amabilis, amiable; capax, capable; docilis, teachable from amo, capio, doceo. 8. When participles become adjectives, they are called Participials; as, sapiens, wise; acutus, sharp; disertus, eloquent. Of these many also become substantives; as, adolescens, animans, rudens, serpens, advocatus, sponsus, natus, legatus; sponsa, nata, serta, sc. corona, a garland; prætexta, sc. vestis; debitum, decretum, præceptum, satum, tectum, votum, &c. 9. Adjectives derived from adverbs, are called Adverbials; as, hodiernus, from hodie; crastinus, from cras; binus, from bis; &c. There are also adjectives derived from prepositions; as, contrarius, from contra; anticus, from ante; posticus, from post. Adjectives which signify number, are divided into four classes, Cardinal, Ordinal, Distributive, and Multiplicative. 1. The Cardinal or Principal numbers are: Duo et viginti, twenty-two. sixteen. eighteen. nineteen. twenty-one. Duo millia, or two thousand. ten thousand. bis mille. Decem millia, or děcies mille, Viginti millia, or vicies mille, The cardinal numbers, except unus and mille, want the singular. twenty thousand. Unus is not used in the plural, unless when joined with a substantive which wants the singular; as, in unis ædibus, in one house, Terent. Eun. ii. 3. 75. Unæ nuptiæ, Id. And. iv. 1. 51. În una mania convenére, Sallust. Cat. 6: or when several particulars are considered as one whole; as, una vestimenta, one suit of clothes, Cic. Flacc. 29. Duo and tres are declined, page 7. In the same manner with duo, decline ambo, both. All the cardinal numbers from quatuor to centum, including them both, are indeclinable; and from centum to mille, are declined like the plural of bonus; thus, ducenti, -tæ, -ta; ducentorum, -tarum, -torum, &c. Mille is used either as a substantive or adjective; when taken substantively, it is indeclinable in the singular number; and in the plural has millia, millium, millibus, &c. Mille, an adjective, is commonly indeclinable, and to express more than one thousand, has the numeral adverbs joined with it; thus, mille homines, a thousand men; mille hominum, of a thousand men, &c. Bis mille homines, two thousand men; ter mille homines, &c. But with millē, a substantive, we say, mille hominum, a thousand men; duo millia hominum, tria millia, quatuor millia, centum, or centena millia hominum; decies centēna millia, a million; vicies centena millia, two millions, &c. 2. The Ordinal numbers are, prīmus, first; secundus, second, &c. declined like bonus. 3. The Distributive numbers are, singuli, one by one; bini, two by two, &c. declined like the plural of bonus. The following Table contains a list of the Ordinal and Distributive Numbers, together with the Numeral Adverbs, which are often joined with the Numeral Adjectives. 3 tertius. 4 quartus. 5 quintus. 10 děcĭmus. 11 undecimus. 12 duodecimus. 14 decimus quartus. 60 sexagesimus. 2000 bis millesimus. quini. nŏvēni. trěděni, terni deni. quaterni deni. seni deni. septeni deni. noveni deni. vicēni singuli quadrágēni. quinquageni. sexageni. septuageni. octogeni. nonageni. bis milleni. septies. octies. novies. děcies. undecies. duodecies. tredecies. decies ac septies. decies et novies. quadragies. quinquagies. sexagies. septuagies. 4. The Multiplicative numbers are simplex, simple; duplex, double, or two-fold; triplex, triple, or three-fold; quadruplex, four-fold, &c. all of them declined like felix; thus, simplex, -icis, &c. The interrogative words to which the above numerals answer, are quot, quõtus, quotēni, quoties, and quotuplex. Quot, how many? is indeclinable: So tot, so many; totidem, just so many; quotquot, quoicunque, how many soever; aliquot, some. To these numeral adjectives may be added such as express division, proportion, time, weight, &c. as, bipartitus, tripartitus, &c. duplus, triplus, &c. bimus, trimus, &c. biennis, triennis, &c. bimestris, trimestis, &c. bilibris, trilibris, &c. bīnārius, ternarius, &c. which last are applied to the number of any kind of things whatever; as, versus sēnārius, a verse of six feet; dēnārius nummus, a coin of ten asses; octogenarius senex, an old man eighty years old; grex centenarius, a flock of a hundred, &c. |