other mills; you may now see Bohemian machinery there. Secondly, also to this end, you must put up trade barriers to exclude all possible foreign goods. Thus the Hungarians would raise a high tariff wall around themselves. They fancy the more it injures Czechoslovakia, for instance, the greater their own prosperity will be. But, as a matter of fact, export and import figures show that it would hurt them far more than it would Czechoslovakia.

Under pretence of maintaining equilibrium between industry and agriculture, Austria, too, threatens to pass a new tariff. Its proposed provisions. would indicate that she thinks she can sell abroad without buying abroad. If, after her creditable record, she must now fly to an extreme, let it be to those other more welcome ones, an Austro-Jugoslav tariff combination, or an Austro-Czech, and, ultimately a Danubian confederation.

Even France proposes a higher tariff in some directions, coal, for example. Her importers, however, are warning her of consequent higher prices for the commodity, despite preferential railway rates. In any event, to destroy French demand for British coal would also inevitably reduce the demand for other British products, coal forming a quarter of the total.

The one great exception to self-sufficiency must always be Great Britain. No country so depends on others for foodstuffs; indeed, of the total exports of all other countries, she imports more than does any other. Of her own industrial production, however, she exports less than before the war.

Stability in tariffs must be increased by a common nomenclature.

R

Raw Materials

Aw materials are, of course, indispensable to industrial life. In normal times like these, the world requires their free movement-that is to say, of ores and mineral products, metals, stone, coal, mineral oil, oilseeds, unprepared timber, raw cork, raw cotton, flax, hemp, jute, silk in cocoon, raw silk, silk in bulk, wool in bulk, untanned hides, skins, furs, raw gum, gutta-percha, indiarubber. Any tax in this list increases production cost, hence the injustice of prohibiting their import or of imposing export duties. If, nevertheless, in order to balance a budget, such duties seem required, they should be applied without any discrimination as regards countries.

licenses. The governments of certain countries hereabouts really enjoy too much power, apparently, since it is possible for them, at will, suddenly to interfere with the natural flow of merchandise. The greatest harm, however, is not in any specific government act as in the uncertainty produced by the fear of what some government, grown spasmodic, may do.

Transport

THE War had made many transporta

tion facilities unavailable, hence the necessity of developing new production centers. Now that the railway administrations have repaired most of the material damage done, and, as in Rumania, built new lines, they should come to

Remedies

like those in existence before the War. In this connection, all railways should, as wisely recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce, adopt the 24-hour time-table, in use for some years by many countries; also adopt summer

time.

TH

Unemployment

HE, ills resulting from currency demoralization, excessive tariffs, and other causes are in contrast with: (1) a marked increase in population largely due to American immigration restriction and (2) an actually greater production capacity, compared with pre-war times, yet a decline in consuming power. Products are refused or are at least impeded by tariffs and other artificial restrictions. That means, for the past, wasted energy, and, for the present and future, industrial stagnation and unemployment. In all Europe, east of Russia, there are, it is said, 4,000,000 unemployed. Some 1,700,000 are in Germany alone. At least half of these are among the millions ruined by the inflation of the mark. Wholesale payments thereby of internal debts is bitter comfort to them. The cause of the million and more of unemployed in Great Britain, however, has been the loss sustained in exports. That market must be regained by a return of general buyingpower.

An Economic Conference To consider the ills from which Eu

rope has been suffering, in September, 1925, at the sixth Assembly of the League of Nations, M. Louis Loucheur, of France, formally proposed the convoking of an International Economic Conference, composed of delegates chosen by the various governments because of personal qualifications, but having no authority to draw up agreements or even

nomic situation, adequate remedies are necessary.

The first to occur to many would be to attract capital from abroad for investment in the country needing it. If the currency of the borrowing country is stable and the country is enjoying a steadily increasing measure of returning prosperity, the problem would seem to be simple; if not, the less advantageous situation will, of course, be reflected in the conditions of the riskier loan.

A more wholesome and far-reaching remedy, however, is found in the conclusion of international industrial ententes or trusts. Their monopolistic and exploiting tendencies in checking freedom of trade can be repressed by legis lation. Their advantages are that:

They organize production more scientifically; in especial they utilize machinery better.

They decrease overhead expenses and distribution costs, distributing products more rationally.

They assure greater continuity of labor as well as output.

They afford lower prices to con

sumers.

They are the decisive factor in quickly settling custom conflicts.

If anything could conduce towards the realization of some kind of an economic United States of Europe, such a movement would. A signal example of it has been the recent formation of an international steel union. It naturally forms Exhibit A at the Economic Conference.

Equal interest, however, will be found in the exposition already given out by the American delegation, headed by Messrs. Henry Robinson and NorDavis, of certain features of American industrial progress. Less favored Europe might adopt them with benefit.

man

Prague, Czechoslovakia.

F

NEW realize how near the center of population lies the wonderful playground of nature, the Black Hills of South Dakota. Many a westbound motoring tourist finds that only two days elapse after crossing the Mississippi River before he gets his first whiff of real mountain air in South Dakota. The Indian called these mountains Pa-Ha-Sa-Pa, meaning Black Mountains, for they are forest-clad and appear dark at a distance. However, the gold prospector who made his strike in the foothills, named them the Black Hills, and the name "stuck."

The Black Hills form the terminus of an extreme eastern arm of the great mountain uplift of our Western States. They are isolated and appear to be a geological island thrust up from the plains, surrounded on all sides by great stretches of prairies. They are located immediately in the path of the tourist from Chicago or the Twin Cities, bound for the Yellowstone or the Glacier National Parks, on the best highway crossing the plains. A small part which has been unfinished is now rapidly nearing completion. Then it can truly be said, for the first time, that there is an allweather highway between the cities of the East and the mountains of the West. This unique mountain region lies at

United States Senator from South Dakota

the western boundary of South Dakota and is approximately fifty by one hundred miles in extent. It rises from the great plains through a series of pinecovered hills and mountains to the crest of Harney, the center of the Black Hills. This mountain has an altitude of 7,240 feet-nearly a mile and a half-and is the highest peak between the Western Rockies and the Alps of Switzerland.

Although this section is served by railroads, carrying through sleeping-cars from Chicago, it is only in recent years that its recreational value has become appreciated. It is not in the line of the great trans-continental roads whose advertisements direct traffic to other sections.

THE

Sacred to the Sioux extraordinary beauty of the

Black Hills has been well-known to the native Sioux from time immemorial. He considered them sacred and did not enter their bounds. Indian legend relates that the Great Spirit, standing on the summit of a solitary mountain peak lying outside of the foothills, called His children together from ocean to ocean and told them that the Black Hills were not their hunting-ground, but His. If any of the Indians went there to hunt, they would be struck by the fire from

Heaven. He promised the good Indians, however, that they might stop there awhile on their way to the Happy Hunting Ground, but the Pa-Ha-Sa-Pa Mountains were not for mortal man.

This tale finds support in the journals of Verandrye, the French explorer, who first visited this section and claimed it for the King of France. He was the first white man to cast eyes upon this region, while seeking the western sea in 1743, nearly a century before any other white man had come within sight of it. Verandrye reached the foot of the mountains and was firm in his belief that from their summits he could see the much sought Pacific Ocean, but his Indian companions would go no further. He was compelled to return, a disappointed man, ignorant of the fact that he was still nearly 2,000 miles from the

western sea.

Such was the situation when General Custer, at a later day, passed through the Hills in his campaign for the "Winning of the West." Here it was that Donaldson, the grave old scientist accompanying the expedition in 1874, stopped to write in his journal:

In this sublime cathedral of nature let Æolus play in gentle summer zephyrs and in winter Boreas make the mountains tremble with the rever

sinking of shafts to deeper strikes, to care about the royal blue of the sky, the rugged mountains, the sharp-cut canyons or the great trees that began life before the landing of the Mayflower.

The gold-seekers came by wagon, by ox-train and horseback, dangerous journeys through the Indian country, long and hard. Only the fittest survived. Multitudes followed in stage coaches. from the nearest railroad several hundred miles away, traveling steadily night and day except for a few moments lost in changing wearied horses for fresh

ones every two hours, for the adventurer would brook no delay in reaching the promised land.

It was a great stampede. The mineral wealth of the Black Hills was fabulous. Cities succeeded the miningcamps. The tent gave way to the log cabin and the log cabin to the brick block. Lumbering on a large scale commenced. Railroads came in to get the business, but our good fortune lay in the fact that the mineral wealth was limited to the outlying or border districts of this great mountain range, therefore the commercial spirit which is so destructive to natural beauty, never disturbed the heart of the Black Hills.

THE

The State Park

HE State of South Dakota took time by the forelock when it set aside the most beautiful part of the Black Hills, including the Harney mountain. range within its boundaries, as a State park, which is several times larger than any other State park in the Union. No partiality is shown. It is open to the citizens of every State without entrance charge. It comprises an area of about 125,000 acres and has an exterior boundary line of about seventy miles. Formerly this district was inaccessible. Its natural beauty has been retained, as it has hardly been touched by the hand of man. It was first set aside as a game refuge in response to public demand that a home should be provided for the fast vanishing game, from which area guns are excluded and only camera shooting permitted. Several of the native species had already disappeared and restocking became necessary. A large herd of buffalo now range winter and summer in the lower hills where the native buffalo grass is still abundant. More than a thousand elk make their home in the Park, feeding in the lower altitudes in the winter when the snow is too deep in the higher mountains. The deer have increased until they are numbered by the thousands and they graze peacefully along the highways undisturbed by the passing tourist. A small herd of Big Horn sheep have been re-established in their old haunts and the Rocky Mountain goats climb the tortuous precipices without fear. The wild turkey that occupied the region before the coming of the white man is also becoming re-established. Here partridge, quail and grouse no longer fear the sight of man.

The establishment of the game preserve struck a responsive note in the hearts of our people and the State took the next forward step in designating the area as the State Park, enlarging and improving it.

A wilderness may be a thing of beauty. It must be preserved, but it must also be made accessible to the public. Expensive mountain highways had to be constructed, modern hotels and restaurants suitable for the most fastidious were provided, mail routes were established and telephone service secured. Tourist camps with modern facilities were provided for the unpretentious motorist who carries his own tent. Cabins and tent-houses were made in large number for the accommodation of the traveler who does not carry his own equipment and still does not take to the exacting requirements of hotels. Golf grounds were laid out over hazardous courses to the delight of the persistent golfer. Trails were built into the higher mountain ranges and peaks for pedestrians and saddle-passengers. prefer the good saddle-horse, but most of the tourists take to the unconventional but safe and gentle burro whose sure-footedness is absolute protection against accident.

IT

Climate

Some

T is generally assumed that we must accept the weather as we find it, but in the South Dakota State Park the visitor has some choice in this matter, for he can find any summer temperature that he desires. Accessible to the highways are locations that vary 3,000 feet in altitude all in an hour's drive. Even the lower parts of the mountains lie high

over the surrounding plains that swelter in the summer heat, and the tourist is comfortable on the hottest summer days. In the higher locations the "social center" is the evening campfire. Every cottage has its fireplace, the tourist's luxury.

SOME

Recreations

OME prefer motoring through the places of great scenic beauty or points of historic interest. Others prefer mountain-climbing and exploring by the various trails. Those who have a taste for golf or tennis, find their pleasure near at hand. Fishing is greatly enjoyed and the streams that dash cold and clear over the mountain slopes are famous for their trout. Every visitor makes the trip to Harney Peak, the last three miles of which must be in the saddle or by foot. From the top of this peak the vision is unobscured for a hundred miles, covering parts of four large Western States.

tat. The altitude of 4,400 feet is sufficient to be cool and comfortable on any summer day and the mosquito and other pests are here unknown. The State has offered the use of this Lodge to President Coolidge for his summer residence and it is one of the half-dozen places at present under consideration.

Leaving the Lodge with its oaks and its birch we follow the "Needles" Highway through the fragrant pine and drooping spruce which gradually dwindle in size as the higher stretches are reached. Climbing, climbing as much as the motor will stand, rising two thousand feet in twenty miles, we find beautiful Sylvan Lake nestling among the mountain peaks, the surprise and delight of every traveler. On its shores stands the Sylvan Lake Hotel, the other hotel provided by the State.

erally visit, each within a few hours' drive.

North of the Park only twenty miles is the "Dark Canyon," a cleft deep and narrow in the granite where the sunlight never enters though the tourists do.

About an hour and a half's ride to the north lies the Gold Region, famous as "The Richest Ten-Mile Square in the World." It is the home of the Homestake Mine owned and developed by Mr. Hearst, father of the journalist. More than two hundred million dollars in gold have been taken from a single hill. There is no abatement and it is still "going strong" after a half century of operation.

Only three miles away is the historic and romantic Deadwood, frequented in the early days by every well-known Western character. Buffalo Bill was known to every resident. "Calamity Jane" divided her time between the jail and the street. She robbed the rich and nursed the sick and in many ways added to the excitement of the settlement in the gulch. "Wild Bill," who had more notches on his gun than any other man, maintained peace and order as an officer

of the law until he met with a tragic death. His grave is on the hillside visited by thousands of tourists every

summer.

On the mountain top a thousand feet above the city stands an imposing monument, the first to be erected in memory of the late Theodore Roosevelt, placed there by men who became his friends in the '80s when his home was a ranchhouse on the Little Missouri River.

Adjoining the State Park on the

Scientific exploring parties have visited this region for eighty years and the specimens of prehistoric life of this area are on exhibit in every large museum on the globe. This was the home of the prehistoric horse only eighteen inches high and the original camel which was a dwarf. No place in the wide world excels the South Dakota Bad Lands in the abundance of its fossil remains.

south, and also on the State High-B

way, lies the Wind Cave National Park. This cave is one of the tourists' stopping places. It has dozens of caverns and scores of miles of underground passages, much of which is still unexplored.

To the east and within range of the eye lies a region unlike anything in the world. It is commonly known as the Bad Lands. By a process of erosion of the peculiar soil Nature has transformed the surface of the earth to one of weird fantastic beauty resembling in the hazy distance medieval cities with their castles, domes, and minarets. By the same process she has revealed to us the plant and animal life of the geological past.

Mount Rushmore

EFORE the tourist leaves, he visits Mount Rushmore, just inside the boundary of the Park. This is the mountain upon which the great sculptor, Gutzon Borglum, is about to start work carving four heroic figures of the empire builders-Washington, Jefferson, I.incoln, and Roosevelt. The figures will be on a scale of 460 feet in height. Some idea may be gained by comparison. The face of George Washington will be sixty feet in height-that of the Sphinx of Egypt is nineteen. The people of South Dakota have contributed liberally, and public-spirited citizens in the East have given assurances of large donations.

My

My brother went through Amherst with the class of '95. I went to Dartmouth, and was graduated with the class of '97. In the fall term of my sophomore year, I visited my brother on the eve of the then annual Dartmouth-Amherst football classic. brother lived at the D K E house. We sat down to supper at a long table. I was introduced. The first thought was obvious that I was some younger brother from a preparatory school, who shortly would be entering Amherst. Then, when it became known that I was already an undergraduate at Dartmouth, the conversation took that ultra-suave, courteous tone that college boys employ

Garman

By RICHARD BOARDMAN

in addressing visitors from other colleges. Yes, there was to be a game tomorrow. Dartmouth had a team of giants. Her line had stood like a stone wall against Yale. Dartmouth no doubt would win, and more of the same sort. But it was all casual, impersonal, and of no seeming importance in their young lives.

Having done the courteous to the stranger in their midst, my hosts turned to the subject that was uppermost in their minds. It was Garman. Garman was a man and Garman was a college course. In the catalogue the course was denominated "Moral Philosophy I." But in the College itself the course was known by no other name than Garman. My table companions fairly rushed into the discussion. They disputed Garman's principles. They quarreled over the meaning of his words. They were enthusiastic over the man and enthused by the stimulus of his teaching. To me their language was strange and unintelligible. It was a scene that impressed me greatly at the time, and one that I have not seen repeated. Yet no doubt it was repeated at a dozen tables in Amherst over a period of many years.

Never on the eve of a Presidential election or of a prize-fight, nor in the midst. of the Hall-Mills trial, nor in the panic of 1907, nor when the passion of war was at its height, have I heard a more animated discussion than that waged by those Amherst seniors in 1894.

THE

HE class of Amherst '95 has furnished the most outstanding member of the largest international banking house of the country, a Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and a President of the United States. Among the middle-aged men of to-day who have achieved prominence, the number of Amherst men is out of all proportion to the size of the college. As a fair lady. once said, "I am not superstitious, but I do believe in coincidences." But no mere coincidence accounts for this predominance of Amherst men. It's Gar

man.

Garman was a philosopher, after a sort. He had worked out a method and a thesis of his own. His classes were led to question every conventional belief. It was said that if Garman should die at Christmas, more than half his students would be agnostics. But during the