78. The First Archilochian Strophe-a Dactylic Hexameter followed by a Lesser Archilochian (61):—

79. The Second Archilochian Strophe — a Dactylic Hexameter followed by an Iambelegus (66):

80. The Third Archilochian Strophe an Iambic Trimeter followed by an Elegiambus (67):

81. The Fourth Archilochian Strophe· a Greater Archilochian __(65) followed by an Iambic Trimeter Catalectic (56):—

82. The Trochaic Strophe — a Euripidean (59) followed by an Iambic Trimeter Catalectic:

83. The Ionic System - pure Ionici a minore, verses of ten feet:

に

in

SYNTAX

The following paragraphs deal briefly with the constructions in the lyrics of Horace, which depart most from prose usage.

THE ACCUSATIVE

I,

84. The perfect passive participle is used as a middle with a direct object, sometimes accompanied by an instrumental ablative: 1, 1, 21 membra stratus, 'stretching his limbs.' 2, 31 nube candentis umeros amictus, 'wrapping thy shining shoulders in a cloud.' 3, 8, 5 doctus sermones, 'learned in the lore.'

85. The common prose use of the accusative neuter of adjectives of number or amount is extended to other adjectives which express the manner of the action: 1, 22, 23 dulce ridentem, dulce loquentem, 'sweetly smiling, sweetly prattling.'

86. The object accusative is used with many verbs which were ordinarily intransitive before Horace's time: 2, 13, 26 ff. sonantem ... plectro dura navis, dura fugae mala, dura belli, 'sounding with his plectrum the hardships of the sea, the cruel hardships of exile, the hardships of war.' 4, 12, 5 Ityn flebiliter gemens, 'sadly mourning Itys.' 4, 13, 19 spirabat amores, 'breathed forth love.' Epod. 14, 11 flevit amorem, 'wept his love.'

THE DATIVE

87. The dative of agent is used with the perfect participle: 1, 32, 5 barbite Lesbio modulate civi, lyre tuned by Lesbian citizen.' Also with verbs expressing feeling or perception: I, 1, 24 f. bella matribus detestata, 6 wars which mothers hate.' Rarely with present passives: as 3, 25, 3 f. quibus antris audiar? by what grottoes shall I be heard ?’

88. The dative of place, as well as of person, is used to denote the direction of motion: 4, 4, 69 f. Carthagini iam non ego nuntios

mittam superbos, no longer shall I send proud messengers to Carthage.' Cf. 1, 24, 15 num vanae redeat sanguis imagini? 'would the blood return to the empty shade?'

89. The dative is also used with verbs expressing union, comparison, difference, etc.: I, I, 15 luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum, the Afric struggling with the Icarian waves.' I, I, dis miscent superis, make me one with the gods above.' 1, 24, 18 nigro compulerit gregi, 'has gathered to his dark flock.'

30 me

THE GENITIVE

90. An adjective is often modified by a partitive genitive: 1, 10, 19 superis deorum, equivalent to superis deis in prose. 1, 9, 14 quem fors dierum cumque dabit, equivalent to quemcumque diem.

91. In imitation of a Greek construction, a genitive is used modifying a neuter plural adjective: 2, 1, 23 cuncta terrarum, 'all the world.'

92. The objective genitive is used with a larger number of adjectives than in prose: 1, 3, 1 diva potens Cypri, 'goddess that ruleth Cyprus.' 1, 34, 2 f. insanientis sapientiae consultus, adept in a mad philosophy.' 2, 6, 7 lasso maris et viarum,' weary of journeys by sea and land.' 3, 27, 10 imbrium divina avis, 'bird prophetic of storms.' 4, 6, 43 docilis modorum, taught the

strains of.'

93. In a few cases the genitive of 'specification' is used: 2, 22, 1 integer vitae, 'pure in life.' 3, 5, 42 capitis minor, 'inferior as an individual' = 'deprived of civil rights.' And once 2, 2, 6 the genitive is almost causal: notus animi paterni, 'known for his paternal spirit.'

94. The objective genitive is used with verbs of ceasing, wanting, etc., in imitation of the Greek construction: 2, 9, 18 desine querellarum, 'cease thy plaints.' 3, 17, 16 famulis operum solutis,

'the servants freed from toil.'

3, 27, 69 abstineto irarum, 'give

up thy wrath.'

THE ABLATIVE

The simple ablative, without a preposition, is used somewhat more freely than in prose.

95. The simple ablative is used to express the place where an action occurs: 1, 2, 9 summa haesit ulmo, clung in the top of the elm.' 1, 9, 10 f. ventos aequore fervido deproeliantis, winds struggling over the yeasty deep.' 1, 32, 8 religarat litore navim, anchored his ships off the shore,' also belongs here.

96. Once in the Odes the ablative of agent is used without a preposition : 1, 6, 1 f. scriberis Vario . . . Maeonii carminis alite, 'thou shalt be sung by Varius, that bird of Maeonian song.' With this we may compare Epist. 1, 19, 2 carmina, quae scribuntur aquae potoribus, 'verses written by teetotalers,' although most editors and grammarians regard potoribus as dative of agent. While the phrase Vario . ... alite approaches the ablative absolute, the difference between it and such cases as S. 2, 1, 84 iudice laudatus Caesare must not be overlooked.

97. The instrumental ablative is found once with a verbal noun: 3, 4, 55 truncis iaculator, he who threw trunks of trees.'

I

98. With muto and a direct object the ablative is used to denote both that which is given and that which is received in exchange; the context alone shows the relation: 1, 17, 1 f. Lucretilem mutat Lycaeo, 'exchanges Lycaeus for Lucretilis.' The opposite 1, 16, 25 f. ego mitibus mutare quaero tristia, 'I seek to substitute kind feelings for bitterness.'

'TRANSFERRED' ADJECTIVES

99. An adjective which naturally expresses some quality of a person or thing is sometimes transferred to an object or action which is associated with that person or thing: 1, 3, 38 ff. neque | per nostrum patimur scelus | iracunda Iovem ponere fulmina; 1, 15, 33 f. iracunda. . . classis Achillei.

ΤΗΕ ἀπὸ κοινοῦ CONSTRUCTION

100. Occasionally a word is so placed with reference to two other words that it may grammatically be connected with either, while logically it is necessarily so connected: 2, 11, 11 f. quid aeternis minorem | consiliis animum fatigas? In this consiliis belongs equally to minorem and to fatigas.

THE VERB

101. A singular verb is frequently used with two or more subjects: 3, 16, 29 ff. rivus aquae silvaque . . . segetis certa fides . . . fallit.

102. The future indicative is occasionally used with permissive or hortatory force: I, 7, I laudabunt alii claram Rhodon, 'others may praise,' etc.; 1, 12, 57 ff. te minor latum reget aequus orbem, etc., 'let him rule,' etc.

103. The perfect is used like the Greek gnomic aorist, to express what has always been true or customary, i.e. a general truth or customary action: 1, 28, 20 nullum saeva caput Proserpina fugit, 'cruel Proserpina never passes by (i.e. never has, and therefore, by implication, never does pass) a mortal.'

PROHIBITIONS

104. Horace occasionally employs the archaic form of prohibition, consisting of the imperative with ne: 1, 28, 23 ne parce harenae, 'spare not the sand.'

Occasionally a circumlocution is employed: 1, 9, 13 fuge quaerere, avoid asking'; 1, 38, 3 mitte sectari, ' give up hunting.'

INFINITIVE

105. The 'historical' infinitive is found but once in the Epodes, not in the Odes: Epod. 5, 84 puer iam non . . . lenire verbis impias, 'the boy no longer tries to move the wretches by words.'