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lath is placed first, next the hundred, and then the land CHAP. XXIV. within it under its new title of "manor." Sometimes it is written thus:-" Hugh de Montfort holds one manor Estwelle" (Eastwell); at other times thus: "The Archbishop holds Otefort (Otford) in demesne." But nearly all the different possessions returned in the Survey are styled manors. Seseltre (Seasalter) is however called "parvum burgum," a small burgh, and so is Forewic (Fordwich), while the ville which is called St. Martin," and was held by the Archbishop, was returned as pertaining to Estursete. These, however, are almost the only references to burghs and villes.t

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Study as we may the Survey of Domesday, we shall acquire only a most imperfect idea of its contents. I have therefore prepared a map (No. 3), showing only the manors and vast possessions in Kent held by ecclesiastics at this time; and if we were to add to this map the 184 lordships granted by the Conqueror to Odo, Bishop of Baieux Ante p. 234. (which were confiscated on his disgrace, and re-granted to other favourites), and one to Albert the chaplain, it will only leave fifty-seven manors and possessions in the whole shire held by the laity. Of these, no less than fortynine were granted to Hugh de Montfort (another Norman favourite); and only two to Earl Eustace, two to Richard de Tonbridge, and four to Haimo, the sheriff. The clergy of Kent, especially the dignitaries, who be it remembered were Normans, had no cause to complain of the Conqueror's treatment.

If the Survey is not to be entirely relied on in its return Ellis' of churches (it being no part of the duty of the Commis- Introduction. sioners to make such a return), it affords abundant evi- Hussey's dence of the possessions of the Church, and by whom they

Churches,
Pref., p. vii.

Larking,

Now the modern hundred of Westgate (Canterbury), which (according to Domesday) appears to have been of considerable extent, and contained no less than seventeen if not twenty mills. In King Edward's time there were fifty-two messuages pertained to this manor (Estursete), but at the time of the Survey there were only twenty-five, the others PP. 101, 103. having been destroyed "for the new dwelling-house of the Archbishop." + From the Norman Conquest the e final is generally added.

CHAP. XXIV. were held; and the map will, I trust, be found useful, especially in tracing, hereafter, the origin and names of parishes.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE EARL, SHERIFF, COURT OF EXCHEQUER, CORONER,
BAILIFF, ANCIENT CITIES AND CORPORATIONS, OF KENT.

WILLIAM I. died

The

VILLIAM I. died on the 9th of September, 1087, CHAP. XXV. and was succeeded by his second son William, sur- A.D. 1087. named the Red. Odo had been released from confincment and was again in possession of the earldom of Kent. He soon took a prominent part with the new English nobility in a revolt against Rufus in favour of his elder brother, Robert of Normandy, which became very general. Having fortified Rochester Castle, "Odo began to make Holinshed, sore war against the King's friends in Kent;" he also took Vol. II., p. 28. "divers castles in the province of Canterbury." King, acting under the counsel of Lanfranc, assembled an army and entered Kent; proceeding to Tonbridge he attacked the castle, and compelled Gilbert, the son of Richard de Tonbridge, then in command, to surrender it. Gilbert and his brother Roger were both wounded and taken prisoners, and the castle razed to the ground. Odo had betook himself to Pevensey, and awaited the aid promised by the Duke of Normandy, which, however, never arrived. William besieged this castle, which held out for more than fifty days, but was at last taken. The promise to surrender Rochester Castle was the only condition on which Odo could obtain pardon. There were then in Rochester the chiefs and flower of Normandy, under the command

* Some accounts state that Richard de Tonbridge (the father) held the Castle against William Rufus. He was then alive. -Fleming's Tonbridge Castle, p. 11.

Rapin,
Vol. I., p. 183.

CHAP. XXV. of Eustace, Earl of Boulogne.* Odo was conducted to the gates of Rochester, where he feigned to persuade the governor to deliver up the city; but Eustace observing by his looks that he did not speak from his heart, designedly detained him prisoner, and thus furnished William with an excuse for breaking his promise. William was then driven to besiege it. The city was well defended, but sickness. broke out and the besieged were compelled to capitulate. After many discussions as to terms, the King granted them permission to march off with their horses. Odo thus reduced, returned into Normandy, and died at Palermo, on his way to the crusades, A.D. 1096.

The King strengthened his position in Kent, where Robert was expected to land, and with the assistance of Bishop Gundulph, further fortified Rochester Castle, and built the great tower. The defenders of our coast appear to have espoused the cause of their Sovereign, and having encountered some men sent by Robert to prepare for his Saxon Chron., expedition, "they slew many and drowned more," for which William Rufus loaded them with thanks, and made many promises which he failed to perform.

A.D. 1088.

Ante, p. 75.

This monarch seems to have acquired among the AngloNormans as great a reputation for sacrilegious pilfering as Offa did among the Anglo-Saxons; and like Offa his hostility was chiefly directed against the Metropolitan See, for he appears to have enriched Bishop Gundulph and St. Andrew by conferring on the See of Rochester, Woolwich, Chislehurst, Sutton at Hone, with the chapels of Wilmington and Kingsdown, the tithes of Strood and a portion of the tithes of Chalk and Stoke, while on the death of Lanfranc, he kept the Archbishopric of Canterbury vacant for more than four years, and wasted its revenues by conferring some of them on his courtiers. All historians appear to acknowledge the wisdom and virtue of Lanfranc, who possessed considerable influence

* The grandson of the Eustace already mentioned; ante, p. 138. According to Kilburne, Rochester Castle was then accounted the strongest and most important castle in England.

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