127. Arviragus. No British prince of this name is recorded by any

writer.

128. Sudes, properly stakes, here fins. "The beast is foreign, and behaves himself rebelliously; lo, how he seems armed for resistance, rebel-like!" (Holyday, cited by Mayor.)

129. Fabricio. Veiento (line 113).

130. Domitian, in all form, calls on his council of state for their opinion. Cf. Liv. i. 32: “dic,” inquit ei, quem primum sententiam rogabat, "quid censes?"

Conciditur, is it to be cut up? Is that in your minds? An interrogatio de re statim peragenda. For the tense, see note on iii. 296, quaero. Cf. Madvig Opusc. ii. 40 sq. The emperor thinks there is no possibility that such a question should be entertained.

132. Colligat, may contain.-Orbem, circumference (of the fish). 133. Prometheus. I. e. a potter. Man was the splendid pottery that he made.

135. Castra, sc. domestica." But Juvenal introduces the word in sarcasm against the emperor, who was cowardly and unwarlike, although vain of his military titles and pretended prowess.

136. Vicit, carried the day; prevailed. The proper technical word. Cf. Liv. ii. 4: cum in senatu vicisset sententia, quae censebat reddenda bona.

137 sq. Noctes Neronis jam medias, Nero's revels prolonged even till midnight.

Aliam famem. Either the second appetite which follows hard drinking (as the scholiast has it), or that caused by the use of emetics.

Pulmo. Lewis says that this word must be taken of "the inside" generally. But Juvenal may use a popular mode of speech, although famous physicians had pointed out the error of Alcaeus and Plato in speaking of wine as passing into the lungs.

139. Usus, experience.

141. Saxum. I. e. rocky coast.

Rutupino. Rutupiae, the modern Richborough, was a haven of the Cantii in the south of Britain. The ordinary route to England was from Bononia (Boulogne) to Rutupiae.

142. Depraendere

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deprendere (deprehendere).

143. Echini. The sea-urchin was esteemed by epicures as one of the best of shell-fish.

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145. Albanam in arcem: - Albanam in villam. Cf. Tac. Agric. 45. "For this place under the Alban mount, from which it received its

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name, he chose out as a kind of citadel (àкpóпoλ)." Dio Cassius lxvii. 1.

146. Attonitos, awe-stricken.

149. Praecipiti pinna. Probably simply "on hurried wing;" although the scholiast and others assert that as a laurel was inserted in letters of victory, so a feather in letters announcing ill-tidings; or that the messengers in the first instance bore a spear entwined with laurel, in the second a feather on the spear-point or in their caps.

Conington (in a note
Cerdo as a [plebeian]

153 sq. "Domitian had murdered the noblest citizens with impunity, but when he began to practise upon the vulgar, they got rid of him. He was murdered Sept. 18, A. D. 96, by certain conspirators whom he had resolved to put to death." Cerdonibus, "by the Hobs and Dicks." furnished to Munro) says, “I should print proper name, answering to Lamiarum, and in viii. 182 to Volesos Brutumque. From Jahn's note on Persius iv. 51, and addendum, I have little doubt that it stands on the same footing as Dama, meaning a slave, and Manius, meaning a beggar; a name used generically, but not to be confounded with an ordinary substantive. It is like the Hob and Dick of Shakspeare's Coriolanus."

Lamiarum. Domitian took away from the Aelius Lamia of his day his wife, married her, and afterwards put Lamia to death. Horace has two odes addressed to his friend Aelius Lamia of this family.— Notice the skill with which the poet has put Lamiarum in the same place in the verse as the contrasted word cerdonibus. Cf. eadem and aliam, in V. 51, 52.

SATIRE V.

ARGUMENT.

1-11. IF you are not yet ashamed, Trebius, of the life you have chosen, submitting to anything for a dinner, I would not believe you on your oath. The stomach wants but little; but suppose you have not that little, why can't you beg? 11-23. For, first, when you've had your dinner, you've got your full reward; though it comes but seldom, your patron, Virro, puts it down to your account. Once in two months he has a vacant place at his table, and says, "Come and dine:" the height of your ambition! the reward for which you are ready to break your rest, in order to anticipate your brother parasites in the officium salutandi at uncouth hours of the morning! 24-79. And what kind of a dinner is it? The wine is such that wool refuses it. If it gets into your head, Virro's freedmen are ready to pick a quarrel with you for his amusement. The host, meanwhile, is drinking the choicest, oldest wines. Virro's cups are jewelled, yours of cracked glass; or if a jewelled cup is set before you, a slave stands by to guard the treasure. The master gets his water iced, not you. On you an ill-favored Moorish runner waits; on him a fair youth of Ionia, who would scorn to obey your orders. You must gnaw a crust of black, mouldy bread; if you venture to touch Virro's loaf, the slaves are at hand to make you restore it. "Then 't was for this," you mutter to yourself," that I so often left my bed before dawn, and braved cold and hail in my zeal to do honor to my lord! 80-106. See that great lobster, looking down scornfully upon the guests as it is borne along,--that goes to the master; you get a scanty crab with half an egg. He oils his fish with fine Venafran, while your poor cabbage stinks of the lantern. Before Virro the most costly foreign fish are set; before you the poorest, fed upon the garbage of the sewers.

107-113. But now a word with the rich man himself. Nobody asks of you the bounties which good rich men of old would send to their poor friends. We only beg you 'll dine as a fellow-citizen with his equals; then spend your money as you please.

114-124. See before the host is a fat goose's liver, and a fowl as big as a goose, a wild boar, and truffles if 't is spring. ("Keep your

grain, Libya," the glutton cries, "but send us truffles!") To make one angry as can be, you see the carver flourishing his knife and dancing till he goes through all his lesson. "T is of the first importance with what gestures hares and fowls are carved! 125-131. You'll be dragged by the heels, and put out of the door, if you venture to open your mouth, as if you were a freeman. Do you suppose the great man will ever drink to you? Is any of you so bold as to pass him the cup and say "Drink"? There are many things a man dare not say with holes in his coat. 132–145. But if the gods or some good man gave you a fortune, what a friend you would soon become of Virro's! Here, help Trebius; put it before Trebius: allow me, my dear brother, to help you from the loin." It is the money that is "dear brother." But if, as a rich man, you want to be the patron's lord and master, you must be childless. Now that you are poor, however, your wife may have three children at a birth, and yet Virro will not be estranged from you, but amused rather by the prattle of the baby parasites.

146-155. Suspicious mushrooms are for the poor friends, boletus for the master. Phaeacian apples, stolen you'd think from the Hesperides, are for the host and favored guests; you eat such scabby fruit as the monkey gnaws on the goat's back learning his drill.

156-173. Perhaps you think 't is stinginess in Virro. No, he sets himself deliberately at work to tantalize his guests. What fun so great as a disappointed belly? He wants to see you cry with rage and gnash your teeth. You think yourself a freeman and the rich man's guest: he thinks the smell of the kitchen draws you, and he's right. What freeman is so poor that he would bear such treatment twice? You're cheated with false hopes of a good dinner. You sit in silent expectation, ready for the scraps that do not come. He serves you right. If you can bear all sorts of treatment, you ought to bear it. Some day you 'll come upon the stage to be flogged, you, so worthy of such feasts and such a friend. — MACLEANE and MAYOR, in part.

1. Propositi, purpose; purposed course of life.

2. Bona summa. More often summum bonum. The plural is used in humorous exaggeration. "You think that all the highest blessings are summed up in this."

Aliena vivere quadra, i. e. “to live on the crumbs of another man's table." Quadra is used of a fragment (a square morsel), as in Sen. de Ben. iv. 29, 2: quadram panis; Mart. ix. 91, 18: secta plurima quadra de placenta; xii. 32, 18: quadra casei; Verg. Moret. 49. "Some flat round loaves, scored into four or eight parts, have been discovered at Herculaneum." Some take quadra for table.

3. Sarmentus. A parasite in the time of Augustus.

Iniquas, ill-sorted; where prince and parasite feast together. (Mayor.)

4. Gabba. Another parasite, servile and wittol, though a wit.

5. Jurato, on oath, (See C. 81, 2; M. 110, obs. 3.)

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6. Frugalius, more easily satisfied."

8. Crepido, the steps of a public building, a raised foot-path, the wall of a quay at the river-side, or other conspicuous position, frequented, as were also the bridges, by beggars.

Vacat, sc. ad mendicandum.

Tegetis.... brevior, and a piece of matting (for a bed) too short by half.

9. Tantine injuria cenae? Do you prize so highly the insolence of a dinner? Cenae is epexegetic genitive. C. 133, 5.

10 sq. Is your hunger so ravenous, when it might more honorably at the street-side or on the bridge (illic) even stand shivering and gnawing dirty bits of dog-biscuit?

12. Fige. Similar to pone, but stronger.

Jussus, invited, bidden. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 708 : toris jussi discumbere pictis.

13. Mercedem solidam, payment in full.

14. Inputat, charges to your account, claims gratitude for. Cf. Tac. Germ. 21. This use of the word is post-Augustan.

Rex. The vox propria for patronus.

17. "Of the three couches in a triclinium, the summus lay to the left, and the imus to the right of the medius. The medius lectus was the most honorable post, then the summus. It was not usual for more than three to recline on each couch. Between the guests were placed pillows (culcitae), on which they rested their left elbows." 19. Trebius. The parasite.

20. Dimittere, to leave unfastened.

21. Alarmed lest his rivals should already have gone the round of their patrons. (Mayor.)

22. Dubiis, "fading from sight," in the early dawn. The other time (illo tempore is earlier, when the wagon of Bootes is seen slowly wheeling around.

23. Frigida. Because Bootes is a northern constellation.

24. Sucida (succida) lana is wool lately cut but not yet cleaned. Wool in this state was used, drenched with oil, or wine, or vinegar, for healing applications. But this wine the very wool would reject. (Macleane.)

25. Corybanta. I. e. frantic as the priests of Cybele.