matter. Combe protested, however, that it was an unphilosophical course to adopt. He consented to such reference, not because he approved of its fitness, but because Sir William had not afforded him a better mode of meeting his arguments. He had all along insisted that the proper way of conducting the discussion was for his opponent to publish his objections (which he had been repeatedly asked to do), and that the phrenologists should either admit their validity, or furnish an answer to them. Sir William Hamilton named Dr. Christison, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence, to act on his behalf; Combe desired Dr. John Scott to act for him, and these two nominated Professor Syme as the third arbiter. At their first meeting, held in July, an attempt was made to arrange the issues to be settled regarding the frontal sinuses. Sir William Hamilton had written out fourteen propositions of the phrenologists' and fourteen counter-propositions of his own; but the former propositions were either so erroneously stated, or so entirely opposite to the real principles of phrenology, that Combe and his friends at once repudiated them. Sir William proceeded to establish his statements by the production of a set of skulls from the University, which he held to be good phrenological specimens because they had been selected by Spurzheim. Combe objected to them because, having been chosen (from the Catacombs in Paris) as examples of extreme developments of particular organs (many of them were "monstrosities"), and, moreover, their history and, in many cases, the sex being unknown, they could not be regarded as average specimens of crania. The arbiters sustained his objection. At a second meeting the arbiters decided that instead of examining skulls, the history of which was unknown, and which could not always be cut open to the requisite extent, they would attend the pathological dissections at the Infirmary and Fever Hospital; by which means they hoped to procure, in a few months, a sufficient number of accurate facts for deciding the points at issue between the disputants.

Sir William Hamilton had declared in his correspondence that it was the doctrine of Gall and Spurzheim he had determined to extinguish, and he would not regard the modifications of their disciples as at all affecting his argument. Combe therefore proposed that Spurzheim (who was to be in Edinburgh in January, 1828) should take his place before the arbiters; but Sir William would not consent. After Spurzheim's first lecture in Edinburgh, however, he published a long letter in the Caledonian Mercury contradicting statements he understood the lecturer to have made, repeating the propositions he

had previously put forth, and condemning phrenology on philosophical, physiological, and religious grounds. Spurzheim and Combe replied; the former challenging him to a public controversy. Sir William accepted the challenge, but required Spurzheim to name competent umpires. The latter asked Sir William to name the day on which he would meet him; to which he replied, repeating his request in respect to umpires. In the end the meeting did not come off. Spurzheim had arranged a course of lectures in Glasgow; and because he was determined to fulfil his engagement, he was accused by the anti-phrenologists of fleeing from the field, although he had repeatedly stated, in asking for a day for the meeting to be named, that he had such an engagement, and after he had finished in Glasgow he returned to Edinburgh. But the fact appears to be that, while he maintained the courage of his opinions in private, Sir William Hamilton was of so nervous and retiring a disposition, and therefore so little fitted to hold a public discussion, that he was probably glad to get out of the difficulty at the cost of a little disingenuousness.

The result was that the discussion again devolved upon Combe. But no good came of it. Sir William accused the latter of substituting personalities for argument; but in truth he himself was the greater sinner in this respect. No one can read the correspondence, which will be found entire in the fourth and fifth volumes of the Phrenological Journal, without noticing the courteous manner and tone of Combe's letters, while acknowledging Sir William's undoubted advantages in regard to lucidity and style.

The questions at issue, however, remained undetermined, and both phrenologists and anti-phrenologists claimed the victory. Sir William made many assertions, which Combe asked him to prove before the arbiters as he had undertaken to do. But, as Combe remarked, their brains were cast in such different moulds that there was no hope of their ever understanding each other. Combe also remarked that his opponent persisted in referring to the old editions of Spurzheim's works (1815) and would take no note of the alterations and modifications which had been introduced into the later editions; although, in a new science like phrenology, alterations were inevitable as experience widened; whilst the fundamental principles, that the brain is the organ of mind, that the brain is an aggregate of several parts, each manifesting a distinct mental faculty, and that the size of the cerebral organ is, cæteris paribus, an index of its power, remained the same.

THE STUDY OF PHRENOLOGY MADE EASY.

CHAPTER IV.

Benevolence is a very important faculty and is very liable to be wrongly exercised, especially in England, where beggars get rich and make a good living. Human Nature (a better name is Intuition) is located in front of Benevolence at the bend of the forehead, and, when large, gives a ridge in that part. It is quite essential to the practical phrenologist, teacher, doctor, and preacher.

Eventuality is in the central portion of the forehead, and, when small, there will be a hollow, and, when large, a full rounding out of the same place; it is generally large in children. Its function is to give a sense of action, experiment, performance and consciousness of what is going on around one, and what is taking place in the outside world. It gives a fondness for history and the news of the day. When large, persons can recall knowledge previously gained, can entertain others with anecdotes and past experiences. It aids much in long recitations, musical performances, and in theatrical displays. It aids to give the details of an occurrence.

Below it is Individuality, at the root of the nose, the first faculty in the central forehead which identifies physical objects and takes delight in seeing persons and things. When large, it is always on the look out. Confinement in the dark is death to this faculty. When very large, as in Darwin or Elihu Burritt, it gives great prominence between and just above the eyebrows. Comparison is directly above Eventuality and below Human Nature or Intuition. It gives a round fulness when large, and a flatness when small. Its function is to compare, infer, and analyze; it sees the fitness of things and the application of truth. On each side and next to Eventuality is Locality, giving cognizance of place, local memory, and is gratified by travelling. It was very large in Captain Cook.

Causality is on each side of Comparison, and, when large, gives squareness to the upper part of the forehead. When small, the forehead is round and narrow at this point. The action of the faculty searches into causes, wants to know the origin and beginning as well as the course of things. It gives the power to account for things; to think, plan, and know how to do things; it supplies general judgment, comprehensiveness of mind, aids one to see into remote causes, and gives forethought, and is one of the most important faculties of the mind. The monkey has but little of it. Combined

with the moral organs, it leads to the investigation of law, theology, and mental philosophy; with Constructiveness and the perceptive faculties it investigates mechanical laws and the principles of astronomy, hereditary descent, and language. It inclines one to think what thought is, and how the mind acts through the use of the brain.

Form is located at the beginning of the eyebrow, at the root of the nose, the lowest portion of brain between the eyes, and gives width from eye to eye. It takes cognizance of of shape, outline, and expression. Calculation is situated at the other end of the eyebrow, and gives width across the lower portion of the forehead; the larger the organ the more extended is the eyebrow towards the ear. When small, the narrower is the forehead, the shorter the eyebrow.

The faculty of Calculation gives cognizance of numbers. and their relation to each other, to calculate and estimate in figures, whether in astronomy, in mathematics, or in business. Some are exceedingly expert in figures, which is a great aid in business, while others are almost idiotic in figures and cannot make an estimate.

Next to Calculation is Order, on the corner of the forehead over the outer corner of the eye. When large, it gives prominence to this corner, and when small there will be a flatness at the point. This faculty gives a sense of arrangement, method, system, and exactness as to plan and mode of doing things. It is manifested in habits and general modes of doing things.

Size is located next to Form, and gives development in the inner corner of the eye. Its function is sense of proportion and fitness; it measures by the eye and sees the perspective in the picture or the landscape. It is an important element in mathematics, surveying, civil engineering, and mechanics.

Weight is next outside of Size in the arch of the eyebrow, and gives thickness and a prominence to the eyebrow in that locality. The faculty gives sense of gravity and ability to estimate force and resistance in bodily movements; it helps to keep the balance and to judge of the force necessary to overcome a certain amount of resistance. It aids in walking, riding, dancing, shooting, as well as in machinery. Colour, between Weight and Order, is adapted to the existence of colours in nature. The perception of colours is also affected somewhat by the power of the eye to receive rays of light.

The

more rays of light the eye can take in in the shortest space of time, the more distinctly the colours can be seen, and greater the pleasure in seeing them.

the

The organ of Colour is not easily discerned, especially

where there is a heavy arch to the eyebrows, in consequence of a marked development of the osseous system. The largeness of the frontal lobe, together with its length and fulness around the eyes, determines the power of the perceptive faculties.

Directly back of the top of the ear, about two inches, Combativeness is located. Its function is force, courage, resistance, defence; the lower part of the organ, acting with a strong muscular bony structure, gives a spirit of defiance, as frequently seen among animals and low-bred men. When large, it gives width to the back of the head and a prominence to the organ; generally large among backwoods-men, frontiermen, explorers, and hunters. Its perversion leads to quarrelling and fighting Its deficiency leads to irresolution and cowardice. Having once learned its location, the other organs around and joining it are easily found by the aid of a marked bust or skull.

Alimentiveness is located in the middle lobe in front of the ear, from the opening of the ear to the top of it, and gives sense of hunger and thirst. The back part gives the desire to eat solid food; the front part a partiality for liquids. Above the ears is the organ of Destructiveness, giving width between the ears and a rounding out of the head in that locality. The forepart of the organ joined to Alimentiveness gives the capacity to take life and shed blood; the back part gives efficiency in business, speech, and general character.

Acquisitiveness is situate directly above Alimentiveness and next to it on the centre of the side head. It manifests itself in three different ways; the front part adjoining Constructiveness gives a disposition to acquire and make property by mechanical and other means, a desire to possess and have what can be claimed as one's own; there is no satisfying the faculty when large and active: as Alexander, who wanted another world to conquer, it would want another world to possess. Some men show the faculty by wanting to do all the business, own all the railroads and telegraphs, and do all the manufacturing. The central lower portion of the organ gives a desire to economize, save, and provide for future wants. The back portion of the organ joined to Secretiveness gives a desire to hoard, keep, lay away in some sure, safe, or secret place known only to the possessor.

In front of Acquisitiveness is Constructiveness, which is situated in the centre of the temporal bone, and gives width between the temples. It gives ingenuity, contrivance, and versatility of design. When it acts with the organ in the rear it gives contrivance in business; with the organs above it