the limits of her strength; still she could not bear a rough life, or continuous hard work. Her general disposition is amiable, or at least she is not given to a rough or severe temper, although somewhat jealous. She is firm, persevering, steady, and uniform in purpose; has good practical common sense, knowledge of things, ability to learn from experience, and is more sagacious and intuitive in her powers than original, witty, or brilliant. She is a student of nature, fond of the plain and simple, not given to fault-finding, not self-condemning, and not characterized for "gush," or extra exuberance of feeling. She could teach, write, look after the affairs of the house, be interested in the growth of fruit, flowers, &c.; cut out, fit, and do work that requires sense of form and size, but she is not versatile either in talent or manner, and is never much different one day from another.

W. H. (Derby).-Constitutionally given to study and deep thought; are trying to find out something no one else knows; are quite original, and have many ideas of your own; take ridiculous views of things, and have a quick sense of the humorous and absurd; are given to criticism, full of contrivance, fond of the study of mathematics and complicated questions; naturally good at figures, and with application could succeed in the exact sciences. You value your possessions highly, whether goods or land; are energetic, rather forcible, resolute, and not afraid of going ahead, even in the face of great difficulties; have confidence in yourself and in your own opinions. Memory of details is not good, but is strengthened by association; are forcible rather than copious in speech; orderly and methodical in your work; and naturally qualified for a position where originality, organizing power, calculation, and ability to manage men are required, as, for instance, a manufacturer, engineer, surveyor, contractor, &c. There is some danger of your being too energetic, and so straining your constitution. It would pay you to study phrenology for the hints it would give you as to how to use your powers to the best advantage.

A. L.-Yes; great intellectual powers most frequently accompany a medium size of body with a large head. It is a known fact that the world's greatest men have been men of ordinary stature and strength, but with heads larger in proportion than their bodies.

X. Y. Z. (Cambs.)-You are not favourably developed in the vital temperament, especially in digestive power. The brain monopolizes too much. Are given to extra thinking: very eager to know all the details of everything; can write better than speak; characterized for sympathy rather than philanthropy; very exacting in a moral sense; very firm and tenacious in your opinions; have by nature a high degree of refinement, sense of perfection, order, and neatness; and are very anxious and careful about results. You are a man of more than ordinary truthfulness and very particular in your statements to say only what is true; are also peace-loving, not contentious,

ingenious, more than commonly unselfish, and quite plodding in thought and effort.

R. S. (Highgate).-One peculiarity of your organization is that you manufacture thought and feeling faster than you can express them, you may talk rapidly but not copiously. Are exceedingly ardent, earnest, and excitable; your feelings may get the advantage of you at times, and you may in consequence occasionally appear to have more temper than you really possess. Are very fastidious; have more than ordinary sense of beauty and perfection; are conscious of little defects either in yourself or in others; and are quite mirthful, and at times rather brilliant. You have much general intellectual curiosity, and are wideawake to what is going on. Your thoughts, however, run too quickly from one thing to another; need to check impulse, and use all the pride and will you possess. You have scarcely enough vital power to meet the demand of the brain and mind: hence need to take care of your health.

W. R. (Birkenhead).-Your mind is of the practical scientific type: you are exceedingly fond of experiment, interested in the external world, and would take great pleasure in travelling and exploring; have a superior faculty for gathering facts, and delight to tell your experience. You might succeed in some scientific sphere of live requiring observation and experiment; can work well by the eye and measure distances accurately; have an insight into truth, and know much about many subjects you have not really studied; are open, frank, candid, kind, tender-hearted, and a little short of hardness of spirit, and a due amount of worldly wisdom.

J. T. B. (London).-You are strongly organized and well adapted to physical labour; should not live a quiet, easy life; need to work off vitality through physical rather than mental channels; have strong feelings and impulses, and will need to be careful what habits you form, so as to be free and your own master, are not cruel or hard in your nature, but have considerable pride and consciousness of your importance, and may sometimes allow yourself to be too much affected by that feeling. Your tendency is to science, to facts, and to the application of ideas; you desire positive knowledge, and are comparatively sagacious and quick to discern truth; are generally in earnest and prefer to deal with others in the same way. Had better direct your attention to some business into which you can throw your whole soul, and it should be something requiring both activity and energy.

W. G. (Poplar) is capable of high moral culture, though he will not have an easy delivery as a speaker, nor a very active memory as applied to details; has good judgment and power to think and plan work; is better adapted to wholesale than retail, and to indoor than outdoor business, to something having a bearing on philosophy rather than on science; has more of the intellectual and moral than of the social and domestic qualities; highly ambitious, very tenacious, and quite steady and strict in life and conduct. He could sustain him

self where it requires one to take responsibilities, like being at the head of a business, overseeing men and giving directions. His studies should be directed to philosophical and theological subjects, as those give him the greatest pleasure, and as a pastime should interest himself in the moral and progressive movements of the age. Should cultivate speaking talent and have a high aim.

M. A. C. (Leicester).—The following traits are noteworthy in your character. You have a great will and have been used to exercising it; you do not allow others to dictate to you, and are quite capable of taking care of yourself; are very sympathetic and capable of showing a great deal of kindness of heart; strict in doing what you think is right; not very reverential, and inclined to look at everything in a very matter-of-fact light; are of an observant disposition, quite neat and orderly, and very quick to understand things, but troubled with a bad memory both of words and things. You ought to be in a position of trust, as a matron, or something of that kind.

T. R. O. (Shrewsbury).-Your leading characteristics are as follows: pride, firmness, and independence large; the social qualities, including friendship, love of children and home, fully developed; energy, force, and perseverance good; the moral faculties highly influential, especially sympathy and conscience; and, lastly, the intellect as a whole well represented. But as regards the latter, you are better adapted for the study of philosophy, theology, etc., than for the study of science. Are critical, analogical, and somewhat original; have fair constructive powers, taste, wit, and youthfulness of disposition. Your memory is rather poor in respect to dates, events, and details, but better of things you see, places you visit, and principles you understand. You have enough intellectual and moral power to qualify you, with an education, for a superior position.

T. C. (Cleator Moor).—It is not true that the interior and exterior tables of the skull "differ considerably." They differ in some cases; but in healthy skulls the parallelism is very close. Examine for yourself; take no one's-especially a prejudiced person's-dictum on the point. See the chapter on "The Brain and Skull" in the Manual of Phrenology (price is.).

J. W. (Ontario, Canada).—The price for delineations from photographs in the form you mention is half-a-guinea.

A. B. (Hyde). The photograph sent is not a very good one for phrenological purposes, because of the way in which the hair is done. It indicates a good, practical intellect and a wideawake disposition, with good language, observation, order, and fair memory. The physiology is a good one, and should be accompanied by both health and strength (if proper exercise be taken). You had better, however, send another photograph when you get one taken. The Journal referred to is a spiritualistic (English) one.

G. S. B. (Lewisham).-The heart is simply an organ for the circulation of the blood, and has nothing to do with the affections, which come from the social faculties of the brain.

THE

Phrenological Magazine.

APRIL, 1883.

M

JOSEPH COWEN, M.P.

R. COWEN is one among a thousand as regards organization. His temperament shows a fair blending of the influences of the vital apparatus with those arising from a good bony and muscular organization, and a good development of the nervous system. The effect of the former is to make him an active, industrious man, full of healthy impulses, while the latter makes him wideawake to all that is going on around him.

His phrenological developments are somewhat as follows. He has a heavy base of the brain, which gives him ample energy and force of mind. His social brain is large, making him warm, genial, and companionable among friends and in society. He is high in the crown of the head, especially in approbativeness, which gives him great ambition and stimulates him to excel and seek popularity. At the same time he has sufficient pride and self-esteem, when combined with his very large conscientiousness, to enable him to take the unpopular side and maintain his ground, when he thinks he is in the right. The height of his head above the ears indicates great power to determine upon a course of life, and to show unusual strength of purpose. His large Firmness and Combativeness. give him much tenacity in debate, and make him a resolute opponent. At the same time his inferior Veneration allows him to be Radical in his opinions, and not afraid to differ from others. Benevolence is very large, and has a marked influence upon his whole character, rendering him generous in his impulses, liberal in sentiment, kind-hearted to a fault, and wholesouled in his hospitalities.

His intellectual powers are of the practical, available type. He is a man of knowledge, one who never loses sight of his experience. He is quick to detect inaccuracies, false reasonings or inferences, and seizes the point of an argument or a joke with great rapidity. He is very intuitive in his percep

VOL. IV.

L

tions of a truth and of the characters and motives of men. In other words, he sees below the surface, and his sagacity will often enable him to see further ahead than men who apparently follow the facts more closely. There is, indeed, something akin to a prophetic strain in his mind.

His memory of his own experiences, of impressions made on his mind, and of what he has done, is good. He has a favourable intellect to organize, arrange, systematize, and do business methodically. He wants money as a means to help him in his undertakings, rather than to hoard and keep. He possesses a good degree of language, which, with his strong feelings and impulsive temperament, enables him to deliver his thoughts in a free and forcible manner. His Constructiveness, Wit, Ideality, and Sublimity, which aid in giving argumentative strength and oratorical force, also give him considerable ability as a writer. If he had been a man of a less active temperament, and consequently more given to contemplation, he would probably have become a writer-possibly a poet-for the poetical element in his nature is very strong.

It need hardly be said, that with such a height of head as his portrait indicates, as well as from what has already been indicated, Mr. Cowen must be a man of great moral depth of character, as well as of religious fervour, although it is probable he does not make much show of his religion.

L. N. F.

Mr. Cowen was born at Blaydon Burn, near Newcastle, in the month of July, 1831. His father, Sir Joseph Cowen, knight, who preceded him in the representation of Newcastle, was originally a working blacksmith. He was of an inventive turn of mind, and when the discovery of gas began to be utilized he hit on several ingenious contrivances for facilitating its manufacture. Before long he was a wealthy man, and one of the most respected and public-spirited citizens of Newcastle. It is to his untiring exertions and foresight that Newcastle in a great measure owes its mercantile prosperity. He found the Tyne a shallow stream, up which vessels of the smallest draught could with difficulty sail. He left it so deepened that it is now one of the most navigable of rivers. The merit of this great achievement was publicly recognised by Mr. Gladstone, who in consequence had him dubbed knight-a distinction, however, which he did not care for. From the beginning to the end of his career he was a Radical reformer. The Cowens are a somewhat numerous family, and have been settled in and around Blaydon Burn for about three centuries. They came originally from Lindisfarne, or Holy Isle, of which the stock had been denizens from a remote antiquity. The