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to illustrate, compare, and apply truth, and is quick to see the bearings of a subject; hence he has a talent for teaching, and is easily understood; add to this teaching talent his large powers of intuition and discernment of character and truth, he would make the most of what he had to say, and be very apt and appropriate in what he had to say, and thus attract attention as a speaker. Having large perceptive faculties, Eventuality, Comparison, Intuition, and a sharp development of Mirthfulness, his object of talking would be to give information, and his style would be practical, definite, illustrative, earnest and pleasing. The head is high, which favours moral power. His moral, manly feelings, have a powerful influence in bringing him out of his low, servile state into a position of great power and influence. He need not necessarily have all the moral and religious faculties large in development, but their influence as a whole gives him an elevated tone of mind and enables him to exert a good and powerful influence over others. His sufferings and hardships as a boy along with other boys may have directed his attention to children in his labours of love; yet benevolence and parental love must be strong developments of brain to enable him to be so successful in his reform among the factory, canal, and gipsy children, and so popular with them. His entire make-up indicates great firmness, decision, perseverance, and tenacity of mind. He looks like a man who is in earnest, and means that every day and act shall result in good to some one. There is also a genial, warm, pleasant expression, which would make people in trouble look to him for comfort and assistance.

"The Children's Advocate" is the beautiful title which Mr. George Smith, of Coalville, near Leicester, has won by a quarter of a century of self-sacrificing labour on their behalf. His personal history can be stated in a few lines. He was born on Febuary 16, 1831, at Clayhills, Tunstall, Staffordshire. His father, William Smith, was a brick and tile maker; of him a brief memoir has been published by Dr. Grosart, under the title of "Hanani"-who "was a faithful man and feared God above many." Of education, in the ordinary sense of the term, he received but little: but truly valuable instruction, chiefly of a non-scholastic kind, he received from his grandmother, whose rare sagacity, decision, and kindliness still cause her memory to be cherished, and from an old woman who was a Primitive Methodist. When he was seven years of age, he was sent forth to earn his own bread in a brickfield; he earned a good name as a working man,

and gradually rose to the honourable position of manager of a large concern. He showed his skill by the invention of a kind of ornamental brick, which has come into general use in the construction of superior houses; and he would doubtless have risen to commercial prosperity had he not come to a remarkable decision. As manager he was in receipt of £450 per annum, but his employer believed that he could not continue at once effectively to discharge his duties in this capacity and successfully plead the cause of the canal chil

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dren of Great Britain; and, called to choose between them, Mr. Smith surrendered his income and devoted himself and his savings to the interest of many thousands of unhappy children.

It was in this wise that he came to have such a selfsacrificing concern for children. The hardships of his own childhood had left imperishable records in his memory. "At nine years of age (he writes), my employment consisted in continually carrying about forty pounds of clay upon my head from the clay heap to the table on which the bricks were made. When there was no clay, I had to carry the same weight of bricks. This labour had to be performed,

almost without intermission, for thirteen hours daily. Sometimes my labours were increased by my having to work all night at the kilns. The result of the prolonged and severe labour to which I was subjected, combined with the cruel treatment experienced by me at the hands of the adult labourers, are shown in marks which are borne by me to this day. On one occasion I had to perform a very heavy amount of labour. After my customary day's work I had to carry 1,200 nine-inch bricks from the maker to the floors on which they are placed to harden. The total distance walked by me that night was not less than fourteen miles, seven miles of which I traversed with eleven pounds' weight of clay in my arms, besides lifting the unmade clay and carrying it some distance to the maker. The total quantity of clay thus carried by me was five-and-a-half tons. For all this labour I received sixpence!"

George Smith's was no exceptional case. Round about him were hundreds and thousands of children oppressed by labours as disproportionate, and subjected to treatment as cruel. Unlike most people, he never became reconciled to the facts with which he was familiar from his youth up. Having used his few leisure hours and his scanty earnings in the cultivation of his mind, as soon as he reached manhood he began to talk and to write about the miseries of the boys and girls employed on the brickfields; and he persevered in the self-appointed task, notwithstanding the odium and threats of personal violence to which it exposed him, until the attention of Parliament was directed to them; and, as the result of the agitation originated by Mr. Smith, it passed a remedial measure, which, under the title of the "Brickyard Act, or Factory and Workshops Acts Amendment Bill," received the Royal assent on August 21, 1871. Before that day, there were in English brickfields and brick-works nearly 30,000 children of both sexes, between the ages of three and seventeen, unprotected by the provisions of the Workshops or the Factory Acts; and consequently children of nine years of age were employed for thirteen hours daily in degrading labour, and herded together in a manner that led to the grossest immorality. But the Act which rewarded Mr. Smith's toils embodied his proposals-first, that children should be educated before going to work; secondly, that they should not be allowed to commence working before twelve years of age; and thirdly, that girls under sixteen years of age should not be employed in brick or tile yards. Could he have had his own way, he would have excluded girls and women from the brickyards altogether; but, like most other

reformers, he had to submit to a compromise. In consequence of the greed of many manufacturers, and the insufficiency of Government inspection, this Act has not accomplished all its promoters hoped from it; but it was amended in 1878; and the benefits it has conferred on a feeble and defenceless class are substantial and most gratifying.

No sooner was the "Brickyard Act" fairly in operation than Mr. Smith turned his attention to another class of children equally needing pity and help the children on board the canal-boats. Inquiries into the condition of the floating population on our canals and rivers showed him that there were 100,000 men, women, and children living in a state of wretchedness, misery, immorality, cruelty, and evil training, carrying much peril with it. He found that ninetyfive per cent. could neither read nor write; ninety per cent. of the adults were drunkards; and sixty per cent. were living together in an unmarried state. In 1873 he commenced an agitation on their behalf, and received such substantial support that on August 14, 1877, a Bill embodying his suggestions, which had been brought in by the Government, received the Royal assent. It has been well observed that the Government made a grievous mistake in not appointing Mr. Smith the inspector to see the Act carried fully into effect; but notwithstanding this omission, and in spite of some temporary difficulties which have been experienced in working it, there is abundant evidence that much good has been accomplished by it. The men are more sober than they were, the women are becoming more cleanly and modest, and the parents are putting themselves to some trouble to secure for their children the benefits of the education which has been provided for them. It is clear that a genuine and permanent reformation is being accomplished among a class for whom no one seemed

to care.

Two practical expressions have been given of the admiration and esteem which Mr. Smith's labours have won for him from all classes, from the Queen downwards. In 1873, at a meeting presided over by the Earl of Shaftesbury, a Bible, £100, and silver teapot for Mrs. Smith, were presented to him, along with an illuminated address, in which his successful exertions "to emancipate the English child from a slavery almost as degrading as that of Asia or Africa," were acknowledged in grateful terms. In 1879, for the purpose of further assisting him in his benevolent enterprises, the "George Smith Fund" was formed, amounting to £700. Mr. Smith is now devoting himself to another work no less important than the above mentioned, and more difficult. It

is the reclamation of the gipsies of this country. In "Gipsy Life," published by him a little while ago, he gave a true picture of these miserable and degraded wanderers, and showed that their condition is very different from the representations that have been given of it by some writers of our time. This book he has now supplemented by another, entitled, "I've Been a Gipsying; or Rambles among our Gipsies and their Children in their Tents and Vans." Although Mr. Smith long ago renounced all claims to skill in authorcraft, this is really a work of great literary power. Its pictures of the travels, the tricks, the labours, the vices, and the sorrows of our gipsies, in many of whom no Romany blood runs, are instinct with arresting and saddening force. A study of them will surely lead many to help our friend in the efforts in which he is certain to persevere, if life and health be spared, until Parliament has taken effective means to induce these unhappy vagrants to settle down as industrious members of society, or at any rate, to compel them to give their children such an education as will be likely to kindle within them the desire to live a better life. He has deeply pondered the problems involved in their reclamation, and says, with the justifiable confidence of experience:"With the proper carrying out of the education clauses and sanitary plans I propose, wisely and firmly, the number of gipsies would very soon decrease, and the sanitary inspectors and School Board officers would be the instruments for bringing this desirable result about. Persecution, policemen, and the gaol will cause gipsyism to grow, while education and sanitation will divert it into healthy channels."

AN ACCOUNT OF GALL'S PHRENOLOGICAL THEORIES.

CHAPTER. VII.

ENUMERATION OF ORGANS.

In proceeding now to the enumeration of those organs which Dr. Gall supposes he has already discovered, the English reporter of this new German Organology does not hesitate to declare that he is well aware of the first impression which the very pretension to such a science must make on the minds of his readers in general, and that he regrets his author should have possessed so little address in his attempt to remove the obvious à priori objections to his doctrine.

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