ability to acquire scientific information and exact knowledge of things, their qualities and uses. His head favours the ability to easily acquire statistical knowledge. He will not forget his experience, nor the places he visits. He is methodical in all he does, and finishes what he begins; and as a speaker he will have more to say than language in which to say it his words are burdened with ideas rather than his ideas with words. In speaking he will be manly and dignified in his style, and will convince and command respect.

There is no special development among the intellectual organs; but all the powers are so fully developed as to exert a powerful influence; hence there are no qualities that stand out the more prominently because others are nil as regards power. His powers of intuition are great; he gets at truth almost spontaneously, and his mind is far-reaching and wellnigh prophetic; hence he is a great student of nature.

But those powers of mind which have the most controlling influence, and give stability to his character, and power to command respect, arise from his very largely developed moral brain. His head is particularly high and well rounded out on the top. The effect of this development upon his character is to give an elevated tone and manliness to his life and actions, making him conscious of his influence and responsibilities. All the moral organs are fully developed, while some are decidedly large, such as Benevolence, Veneration, and Conscientiousness, and have a modifying, if not a controlling, influence. Men with such heads usually become public men, and easily find plenty of disinterested work to do. He must be in full sympathy with all movements and measures calculated to benefit mankind at large. While he is quite proud and manly, he is respectful and modest, as though he were conscious of a superior power and responsible for his influence. His great firmness, joined to the moral brain, will give stability to his character and consistency to his conduct.

The side view of the head indicates four distinctly prominent traits of character. First energy, industry, and application; second: manliness, self-respect, and ambition; third: comprehensiveness of mind, power to acquire knowledge from observation, correct judgment of things, persons, and circumstances, and a keen philosophical turn of mind; fourth: a high tone of moral principle, humanitarian sympathies, an elevated standard of action, and a kind of gentleness and modesty that comes from the consciousness of higher laws and obligations than those of ordinary society.

The great fault in men of such an organization is that they

see so much that needs to be done that they are liable to take too much on themselves, and so overdo and cripple their energies before they get half way through life; or else they lose courage and give up because they cannot imbue lesser minds with their own reformatory spirit and energy.

There is a very great contrast between the form of Sir Charles Dilke's head and that of the late M. Léon Gambetta, whose head was very large in the entire base from front to rear, giving him a strong social nature and love of home and

country, very strong executive abilities amounting almost to vehemence, strong appetites and passions, very large perceptive powers, very great memory of all he saw or knew, very great verbal memory and power of speech, great versatility of talent, and a most vivid imagination, while his higher reasoning powers were not large; besides which he lacked elevation of brain to give strong moral convictions and their controlling influence. L. N. F.

Charles Wentworth Dilke, first baronet, and grandson of Charles Wentworth Dilke, the celebrated critic whose literary judgment and administrative talent were the chief stock-intrade both of the Athenæum and the Daily News in their younger days.

The future member for Chelsea was born in the borough which he now represents, in September, 1843; he is consequently in his fortieth year. At the second of two private schools which he attended in the metropolis he displayed mathematical talent, and in due course he matriculated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, with the intention of pursuing with assiduity his favourite study, in which he obtained a Scholarship. He soon, however, changed his mind, and betook himself to law, as calculated to bear more directly on a parliamentary career, for which he very early determined to qualify himself. He worked hard, and was easily senior in the Law Tripos for 1865. In 1866 he was called to the Bar by the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. Shortly afterwards he started on a "round the world" journey of two years duration.

The trip bore excellent fruit in the wellknown work entitled "Greater Britain," which in the first year of its publication ran through four editions. In 1868 he was returned to Parliament for Chelsea by a majority of nearly two to one, and again in 1874 he headed the poll, notwithstanding an opposition of unexampled violence. Sprung from a race of journalists and littérateurs his pen is never long idle. Since the publication of "Greater Britain" he has found time to publish the "Fall of Prince Florestan of Monaco," and to edit, under the title "Papers of a Critic," his grandfather's chief contributions to the pages of the Athenæum, which paper he also occasionally supervises in person.

Since his former travels, he has been "round the world" a second time, his chief object being to acquaint himself with the state and prospects of Japan. He has visited every

English-speaking corner of the globe, is thoroughly conversant with the condition of our Indian Empire, and is better acquainted with the language, literature, people, and government of Russia than any man in the House. He is perhaps the first thoroughly competent Englishman who has ever seen and described the men, manners, and institutions of the United States as they really are, and not as they are wont to appear to the jaundiced eye of national jealousy and aristocratic aversion. The American Republic is substantially Sir Charles's "Greater Britain," to which he foresees the hegemony of the English-speaking race is ultimately destined to fall.

He believes in the possibility of one omnipotent all-embracing federation of English-speaking men, of which the United States shall at once supply both the nucleus and the model. He is an untiring toiler, and from the first he has worked on the most profitable lines. Whether as law-student, traveller, author, journalist, or politician, whatever he has done he has done faithfully and well.

He is personally a total abstainer, though opposed to the Permissive Bill, and is in all things a pattern of method and regularity of habits. At Cambridge he was a finished oarsman. He is likewise a vigorous long-distance walker, a good marksman, and a deft fencer. In nothing has he shown such marked improvement as in his style of public speaking. Though twice president of the Union Debating Society at Cambridge, he was at first a most unimpressive speaker. But now it is not so. He is fluent, easy, and agreeable; one of the best level business speakers in Parliament. As for the matter, that has at all times been such as to redeem the worst faults of manner. Like the soul of honour that he is, he has never stooped to personal invective. Under the severest provocation he has said nothing to wound the susceptibilities of the most sensitive. In this respect he has set an example to some of our foremost public men. To him opposition from men or things is of exactly the same character. It is something to be overcome by patience and pressure in the line of the least resistance.

In the domain of current domestic legislation Sir Charles has played no unimportant part. It is to him we owe the popular constitution of our School Boards, it having been Mr. Forster's original intention to entrust the duties of school management to committees of boards of guardians. His also was the clause which conferred the municipal franchise on female ratepayers. He procured for the working men of London a most desirable boon in the extension of the hours of polling, and in everything appertaining to the better representation of the people in Parliament he has taken a leading part. On the all-important question of the redistribution of political power in particular he is, it is not too much to say, the greatest authority in the House. Like John Bright, he loves the big constituencies, and would, as far as possible, make them all numerically equal. He is not ordinarily an amusing speaker, but one of his speeches on the unreformed corporations will rank among the wittiest delivered by any member since he entered the House. His collected speeches on electoral reform, the Civil List, free trade, free land, and free schools are a ready repertory of trustworthy facts, which

ought to be in the hands of every reformer. In every department he is a friend of economy. In Parliament he is ever vigilant and never fussy. When he speaks it is always to contribute some new fact or unused argument to the debate, and he never fails to catch the ear of the House, which admires his straightforwardness, manly bearing, and unremitting attention to his parliamentary duties. Of his connection with the present Government, and his recent elevation to the Cabinet, nothing need be said, as the facts are still fresh in everybody's mind.*

AN ACCOUNT OF GALL'S PHRENOLOGICAL THEORIES.t

CHAPTER I.

OF THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.

The following is a brief summary of Gall's Observations on the Anatomy of the Brain.

The nerves of the body do not consist of any medullary substance, they are only fibres. These fibres spring from each half of the spinal marrow in various fascicles, which arise, by the side of each other, from the cauda equina to the medulla oblongata. These fascicles are separated by furrows and a pulp resembling the substantia corticalis. Each of these fascicles consists of fine fibres, which are not separated by any intermediate body. In large full grown animals these fascicles may be easily separated.

Besides these nerves, which, issuing from the spinal marrow may be called the diverging nerves (hinaustretende), there is another sort of nerves, which bear to those the relation of veins to arteries, and are formed where those terminate; as, for instance, the nerves which form the brain (cerebrum) in the cortical substance; these are the converging nerves (zurücktretende). But these converging nerves do not actually reach the spinal marrow, but entering, on their way, into the two hemispheres of the brain and the parts hitherto considered as belonging to the brain, they meet together in four commissures or sutures.

These biographical details are taken chiefly from the Weekly Dispatch.

This, and the chapters that will follow, were written by one who learned what he knew of Gall's theories from his own lips. They were originally published in 1807, and as there is much ignorance as to what Gall's theories really were, it is thought desirable to reprint this account of them.-ED. P.M.