the Lord's Supper so celebrated before, and could scarcely believe that it would be salutary to the soul."

The Estates gave urgent advice to the king not to persecute the Roman clergy, but the counsels of his English wife and his court preacher Schulz prevailed with him. Wilhelm von Lobkowitz was most strenuous in his advice to the king not to permit the horrible sacrilege of his ministers. At the same time Friedrich's personal affability won him many friends.

In February, 1620, about the end of the winter that Friedrich reigned (which gave him the nickname of Winterkönig, "the winter-king"), he went to Moravia to receive the homage of that kingdom. Carl von Zerotin held himself aloof from the king, who attempted there also to change religious worship. Friedrich missed him in an assembly of Moravian nobles to which he had been invited, had him brought in by force, took him aside to a window, and strove with flattering words to win his allegiance from the Emperor. The Baron remained steadfast, and prophesied misfortune to the king. For this he was thrown into prison and alternately caj led with promises and threatened with exile and death. But nothing could shake the fidelity of Zerotin. "Willingly," he said, "will I give both fortune and life, to escape the shame of perjury and treason against my Emperor, which would rest on my memory and my family." His sufferings lasted about as long as Friedrich's prosperity.

Already, on the 23d of January, the Winter-king had been placed under the ban of the Empire. While he was estranging many hearts from him by his ecclesiastical innovations, he was at the same time squandering the resources of his land in useless luxury and ill-timed generosity. The disappointment of the Bohemian nobles chilled their zeal in his cause, and the lack of all foreign aid weakened their confidence. In the autumn, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria burst into Bolemia with the army of the Catholic league, both imperial and Spanish troops. At the same time the Lutheran Elector of Saxony assailed the Lausitz,

and Polish troops invaded Silesia, and all met with success. The Bohemian army, destitute of necessary supplies, and with leaders quarreling among themselves, lost courage and hope, and became more dangerous to the defenceless peasantry than to their armed and formidable foes. In vain did Friedrich appear in their camp to inspire the soldiery with his presence, and to stimulate the nobility by his example.

At the beginning of November the terrible Tilly was at the gates of Prag. On the Weiss-berg (white-hill), not far from the city, the Bohemians encountered the Imperial and Bavarian armies on the ill-fated 8th of November. It was the 23d Sunday after Trinity, and an eloquent Carmelite monk, stimulated the zeal of the Catholic warriors by a text from the Gospel for the day: "Render therefore unto Cæsar the things which are Caesar's." Friedrich expected no attack that day, for, after listening to a sermon from his court preacher, he had given a banquet, and sat at table with the English ambassador. At the beginning of the battle the cavalry of the Prince cf Anhalt won some advantage for Friedrich, but the overwhelming force of the enemy soon destroyed it. The invincible Bavarians and Walloons pressed on, and the Hungarian cavalry were the first to turn their backs in flight.

JOIN ANKETELL.

THE "ROMAN METHOD" OF PRONOUNCING

LATIN A MISCHIEVOUS MISTAKE.

Some Latin Grammars, recently prepared for American students, set forth two very different and wholly irreconcil able methods of pronouncing some of the consonants which occur most frequently in Latin words. The inevitable result of the pronunciation of Latin by methods so diverse must be an irrepressible conflict, involving practical questions which bear directly upon some of the most important aims of sound and useful education. In comparison with such questions, very trifling is the slight diversity in the sounds of two or three of the vowels, and two or three of the consonants, according to the old pronunciation of Latin by English and American scholars, on the one hand, and by the Continental scholars of Europe, on the other. The peculiar sounds of two or three vowels, in which the English and American scholars differed from the Continental, involved no question of practical importance. Nor was any serious difficulty caused by the peculiar sound of two or three consonants, in which the Continental scholars of the several nations so differed from each other as to make the very phrase," the Continental method," always a misnomer. But the introduction of the "Roman method," so called, and very strangely regarded by some as almost identical with the misnamed "Continental Method," changes the whole aspect of the question of Latin pronunciation.

It used to be said that European scholars of the Continent could hardly understand the Latin words spoken by American and English scholars on occasions of literary entertainment and intellectual intercourse. The Continental

scholars always pronounced Latin with those sounds of the vowels a, e and i, which are heard in the speech of Italians, Frenchmen and Spaniards; and in the English words, father, obey and machinist. And in general, until recently, English and American scholars gave to those vowels in Latin the sounds which they have in the English words fate, me and mine.

But the truth is that, in a large majority of Latin syllables, the plainest rules of prosody and the uniform usage of ancient poets make those vowels short, as in the English words fat, met and pit. And the difficulty experienced by the Continental scholars, in understanding the Latin spoken by Americans and Englishmen, was increased by the common neglect of those plainest rules of prosody, among the French, Italian and German, as well as the English and American scholars. For all erroneously made the vowels long in many short syllables of Latin words. If that common fault had been corrected, on all sides, the difficulty of understanding each other might have been remedied, long ago, for all scholars who would duly regard Latin quantity in their pronunciation. It might have been much relieved without any change of the sounds of the vowels a, e and i, in the comparatively few syllables in which those vowels have their long sound. But of late, through increased acquaintance with the French, Spanish and Italian languages, as well as the German, the long sounds of the vowels a, e and, heard in those languages, have been extensively adopted by English and American scholars. And frequently, also, an erroneous use of the long sounds of the vowels, in syllables which, by the rules of Latin quantity are short, shows itself in a faulty imitation of the French and German sounds of some vowels which are amusingly exaggerated and made excessively long by many English and American students, who ought to have learned, for themselves, from the prosody of any Latin grammar, to avoid such an error. In some quarters this error has become so prevalent as to render the change in some of the vowel sounds, which has

been generally adopted, a movement of almost questionable utility. For example: many students who profess to have been prepared for the college or university by teachers of high reputation, in very popular schools, pronounce the Latin word murmur, moor-moor; although the second syllable of that word in Latin is, by the rules of prosody and by the usage of ancient poets, as strictly short as it is in English. The same error is hardly less palpable and equally culpable, in a similar lengthening of the u, in the last syllable of other words ending in ur; which, by the rules of prosody, is invariably short. In fact, the u in the first syllable of the Latin word murmur must have, in any fluent pronunciation, a short sound, although that syllable, ending in two consonants, not a mute and a liquid, is long. The same is true of other vowels in syllables thus made long by two consonants. To give any vowel, except o, in such syllables, the long sound, would make the syllables too long, and betray intolerable pedantry or affectation. For it is plain, from the frequent abbreviations of words and elisions of syllables in the Latin comedies, and from the universal abhorrence of any, the least hiatus, in pronunciation, among the ancient Romans as well as the Greeks, that the Latin, as a living language, was a fluent speech, and though spoken less "trippingly on the tongue" than the English, it would yet never have tolerated such a drawling utterance as moor-moor for murmur, or anything of that sort.

But now a very sweeping change in the sounds of the consonants, с c and g, which has been proposed and strenuously advocated by some English and American scholars, tends, in proportion to its influence, to make "confusion worse confounded," in any international colloquy of Latin words. In the very face of immemorial usage, in all the languages directly descended from the Latin, such scholars hold that the letters c and g, in Latin words, should have, before all vowels, without exception, the hard sound. heard in the English words cat and got. And this notion is