saying to him, your master's temper is no sooner on than it is off. This he granted, but replied it was no sooner off than it was on.

Temptation. The feeling experienced by the activity of any faculty, excited to act in a manner not sanctioned by conscience.

Temper. Temper, or, as it is sometimes called, goodtemper or amiability, means such a due mixture of destructiveness and combativeness with the antagonist principles of benevolence, reverence, conscientiousness, cautiousness, self-respect, and reflective faculties, as to secure to the latter at all times a due ascendency.

Virtue. -A state, in which all the propensities are habitually in subordination to the enlightened and regulated activity of the higher sentiments and intellect.

Wisdom. To be wise requires an enlightened intellect, combined with the harmonious and well regulated influence of all the affective faculties, and acting by the dictates of strong judgment, in view of adequate information.

CHAPTER XXIV.

ON THE QUALIFICATIONS NECESSARY TO THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY.

The views presented to the reader in the preceding pages are such, as the writer believes will be verified by an appeal to facts. They either result from his own observations, or the observations of others, in whose state

ments he has the fullest confidence. That the reader may test them for himself, and also gather new truths for his own benefit and the benefit of science, it is the sincere desire of the writer that he may resort to the same fountain. The degree of conviction arising from our own observations is far more satisfactory, than second hand relations of facts by others. We can repeat them under every variety of circumstances, and become satisfied that there has been no carelessness, and no attempt at deception. My object, in the subsequent part of this work, is to furnish such assistance as I may be able to do to the student of Phrenology, that he may go abroad fresh on the field of observation, and gather knowledge accurately for himself.

Were I ever so much disposed, I could not present those interesting facts, which constantly fall under the eye of an observer. Delicacy to individuals renders it improper. But when a person becomes acquainted with principles, and has acquired some little practice in observation, facts will flow in upon him constantly. But before one goes about this process of observation, he should be possessed of such rules, as have been suggested by the good sense and experience of others. To the student of Phrenology I would respectfully say, therefore, that

1st. You ought to know your own powers of observation. If your perceptive organs are small, you will find it very difficult to collect facts with accuracy. You will not readily observe the different forms and sizes of heads, the locations of the organs, &c. If this be the case, you will be surprised often, that others make discoveries which escape your observation. Nevertheless, I would encourage you to persevere, and rather to regret your

own deficiencies, than deny the existence of facts which others observe, but which escape your notice. The practice of observation will be of great use, as a mental discipline, and the organs will soon acquire sufficient strength to perform the functions required of them.

If you have large perceptive and small reflective faculties, you will find it comparatively easy to get facts, but will have great difficulty in arranging them and referring them to general principles. Appearances will be noticed, but inferences will not be drawn from them readily and correctly. Persons thus constituted are exceedingly troubled to comprehend the doctrine of combinations. They are too ready to infer distinct traits of character from each separate organ, and when they do not at once discover the simple, direct, and clear manifestation of the principle, they conclude that the phrenological doctrines cannot be true. Dr. A. Combe remarks, that "facts alone are not sufficient; and unless they be collated, and their relations to each other and general laws be deduced by a careful induction, they lose the greater part of their value, and become little better, than the undigested erudition of an almanack-maker, and afford no means of judging of the truth or falsehood of a principle or rule of practice." Facts require constantly to be referred to principles. But principles again should only assist us to study each particular case, and not lead us to disregard qualifications, limitations, and peculi

arities.

"To observe accurately," says the last quoted author, "requires a degree of intelligence and acuteness, a freedom from prejudice, and a patience of investigation, which can be found united only in a mind constantly

alive to the influence of general laws, and ardent in the pursuit of every difficulty and of every anomaly to their origin, in some previously unperceived condition, affecting the production of the expected result. So that if we take it for granted that he, who confines himself to simple observation, will be the most successful in the collection of trustworthy facts, and in the discovery of important natural truths, we shall infallibly fall into error. So prone, in fact, is the human mind to go back to principles, that scarcely any thing can be perceived without some relation to general laws, or to some other better known phenomenon suggesting itself; and in this way the simplest narrative of a case almost always involves. some theories; and our modes of observation being thus insensibly affected by our previous views, it becomes a point of primary consequence that these should be correct."

From these remarks we may see that careless thinkers, who have no supreme regard for truth, and no careful habits of observation, but with a mass of general undefined and incorrect principles floating in their minds, are unfitted to come into the field of phrenological observation. They will neither understand what phrenologists have written, nor collect facts correctly for themselves. Nothing short of an entire revolution in their mental habits will serve to enable them to gather and apply the truths of mental science. To a mind, either incapable of deducing principles from analysis of facts, or careless in applying deductions made upon one state of facts to another, where the circumstances are not substantially similar, experience is useless and instruction unavailing.

To succeed in gathering facts in support of phrenology requires an amount of mental power, equal at least to that which is necessary to success in one of the learned professions, a supreme regard for truth, and a mind so nearly balanced, as that there shall be no striking deficiency in either the perceptive or reflective powers. If beyond this one be highly gifted with both large reflective and perceptive organs, and have habits of observation upon character, and a general intelligence, he is fitted to commence the study with singular advantage to himself.

It is not to be expected that men who have no taste for science, and no liberality of views, will give themselves to this great study. They must do in this branch of science as in others, rely upon professional advisers for what little they may ever profit from it.

Phrenology divides itself as naturally, as does the science of medicine, into two parts, viz. theory and practice. To these we add a third, viz. its application. It is comparatively easy to read all that systems contain on the subject, and thence to write upon the subject with tolerable accuracy. Those, who may be indisposed to take even this trouble, may hear read interesting lectures on the subject.

But to read with care and thought, and to so understand as to apply the subject, is quite another affair. This reading must be connected with the practical application as you read. I will give the views of a writer in the Edinburgh Phrenological Journal on this point. Vol. 8, p. 374.

"To constitute an intelligent and trustworthy practical Phrenologist, a long course of study and observation, as well as a natural capability of profiting by these, is indispensably requisite. He must have an intimate ac