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tence, some means of showing to the Narratee, its logical, its rhetorical, and its grammatical attributes or properties, whenever it is necessary that these should be made known. He must, also, speak or write each expression correctly.

NOTE VI. First. Since that, which we have learned, must consist of ideas, of groups of ideas, or of thoughts; and, since the science and art of these is called Logic, it follows that the narrator must commence as a logician; because, he must have knowledge before he can communicate knowledge.

Second. Since the science and art of expressing or naming an ideal is called Rhetoric, it follows that the Narrator must be a rhetorician; because, in order to communicate a thought, he must express or name the thought.

Third. Since the division of words into grammatical classes, and the means of showing what belongs to the words of each grammatical class, is called Grammar, it follows that the Narrator must be a grammarian.

28. The NARRATEE'S Grammatical use of thought language is analytic; because, he must take each expression as it comes from the Narrator, and, by the aid of its syntax and modifications, find its grammatical, its rhetorical, and its logical uses; and, also, must learn to hear and to read the language correctly. This requires a knowledge of the two parts of Grammar; of which the first is called Etymology; the second, Orthoepy and Orthography.

NOTE VII. First. Since the syntax of words in a sentence and their modifications belong to Grammar, it follows that the Narratee must begin as a grammarian.

Second. Since the grammatical use of a word enables us to find its rhetorical use or office, it follows that the Narratee must be a rhetorician.

Third. Since the use of an expression, as the means of finding thoughts, belongs to Logic, it follows that the Narratee must be a logician. Hence, by comparing this with the previous Note, we see that;

The Narrator must be a logician, a rhetorician, and a grammarian; and that;

The Narratee must be a grammarian, a rhetorician, and a logician.

ETYMOLOGY.

LIT. DE. The word, etymology,' means belonging to the science and art of the origin, or source [of things].

29. The term, ETYMOLOGY, is the name for that part of Grammar which includes; first, the Grammatical Classification of Words; second, the Attributes or Properties, and the Means by which these are known; and third, the Syntax of each Grammatical Class.

The Grammatical Classification of Words.

30. The Grammatical Classification of Words is based upon the uses or offices of words in sentences. According to which, Words are divided into eight classes or kinds, called The Parts of Speech; namely, Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Preposi tions, Conjunctions, and Exclamations.

NOTE I. Some grammarians have nine, while others have ten "Parts of Speech." The ninth class is formed by calling the two adjunct words, a or an, and the, Articles. The tenth "Part of Speech' is formed by calling the different Tenses of the Participial Mode, Participles.

According to this mode of forming classes, an almost indefinite number of "Parts of Speech might be formed.

NOTE II. Rhetorically, words have eight2 uses or offices in sentences; hence, according to the classification, given above, eight grammatical kinds or classes of words must be the result, and we have the following;

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1 ETYMOLOGY. y—e, —; (o)log, science, reason; etym, origin, source, truth. 2 This statement supposes First and Second Objects to be included in the one term, Objects.

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Third, the ATTRIBUTES, and the MEANS of KNOWING them.

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Fourth, the DECLENSION.

Definition
Table

Vocative
Possessive

Rules for Position; Rules I., II., III., IV., V.

third, by Suffix

first, by Meaning

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second, by the Apposition of a Noun with a Pronoun

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known

third, by Adjunct

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* Fifth, the SYNTAX. Rules for Attributes; Rules VI., VII., VIII, IX., X., XI., XII., XIII., XIV., XV.

Principle

I. Nouns.

31. The science of the Noun includes; first, the Definitions; second, the Classifications; third, the Attributes or Properties, and the Means of making them known; fourth, the Declension; and fifth, the Syntax of the Noun.

32. First, the DEFINITIONS.

The word, noun,1 means names, power, force.

A NOUN is a word, a

phrase, or a clause, which, in a sentence, has the use or office of a SUBJECT, of an OBJECT, or of an ADJUNCT, related to its principal by OF, or by an apostrophe.

NOTE I. Some grammarians classify as Nouns, adjuncts related to Nouns by a relator; while, they classify as Adjectives, the same adjuncts having the same principal word, where the relator is not used.

Thus, the word, mountain, after the relator, of, in the following, is called a Noun; in its other uses, an Adjective.

There is the top of a mountain, or a mountain's top, or a mountaintop, or a mountain top; in which the words, mountain, mountain's have the same meaning, and the same rhetorical use.

Students, who prefer not to classify adjuncts as Nouns, should omit that part of the definition which follows the word, "object." These will have no occasion for a Possessive, and very little for a Genitive Case.

EXAMPLES.

1. The father gave the land to his son, but the son's part of the land was less than his father's.

General Analysis. FST+FS+Fs.

Grammatical Analysis or Parsing. Father is a noun; because, it is a word, which has the use or office of a subject, in the sentence, the father gave, etc.

Land is a noun; because, it is a word, which has the use or office of an object. It is the first object of the predicate, gave.

1NOUN. un, existence, one who; no, know, directs, commands. The word, noun, contains an ancient root, which is found in many languages. Among its first forms is gno; hence, our root, kno (know). Among its later forms is no (noted). In the Greek language, it appears in the word, onoma (name); in the Latin, in the word, nomen (name); in the English, in the word, noun (name). See nominal, nominate, nomenclature.

Son is a word noun; because, it has the use or office of an object. It is a second object of the predicate, gave.

Son's is a word noun; because, it has the use or office of an adjunct. Its relation to its principal, land, is shown by an apostrophe.

Part is a word noun

Land [of land] is a word noun; because, it has the use or office of an adjunct, whose relation to its principal, part, is shown by the relator, of.

Father's [father's part of land] is a word noun; because, etc.

2. "The rose of Sharon" is a beautiful plant.

Parsing. The rose of Sharon is a phrase noun; because, in this sentence it is a phrase, which has the use or office of a subject. 3. Did you call this plant, "The rose of Sharon ?" 4. Do you know the tune of "Old Hundred ?"

Parsing. "Old Hundred" is a phrase noun; because it is an adjunct phrase, whose relation to its principal is shown by the relator, of.

5. The assembly shouted, "The people are triumphant." Parsing. "The people are triumphant" is a clause noun; because, in this sentence, it is a clause having the use or office of an object.

Classifications of Nouns.

33. Second, the CLASSIFICATIONS. Nouns are classified according to two bases; first, according to their signification; second, according to their uses or offices in

sentences.

34. First Classification. According to their significations, Nouns are divided into two kinds; Proper, and Common.

Proper Nouns.

LIT. DEF. The word, proper,1 means that which is real, peculiar. 35. A PROPER Noun is a noun which distinguishes one or more of a class from all others of the same class or kind.

EXAMPLES.

1. Schuyler was superseded by Gates in June.

Parsing. Schuyler is a proper word Noun; because, it distinguishes one individual from all others of the same class (men).

1 PROPER. er, that which [is]; prop, real, peculiar.

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