The idea of connection between these thoughts arises from the supposition that it rained yesterday is the cause, of which the plants are growing to-day is the effect.

10. I see that they run.

I see them run.

In ex., 10, the co-ordinate simple thoughts, I see that they run or them run, are joined by using the thought, that they run or them run, as the third primary idea of the thought whose first and second parts are I see.

11. Children obey your parents in the Lord, is a divine precept.

In ex., 11, Children obey your parents in the Lord, is a simple thought, used as the first primary idea in the thought having for its second primary, is. In this thought, the first part exists in two forms; as a simple thought, children obey your parents in the Lord; and, as a group of ideas, a divine precept; while the second part is the second primary, is.

12. We wept when we remembered Zion.

In ex., 12, the subordinate simple thought, when we remembered Zion, is used as a secondary idea, belonging to the second primary, wept; as, in the simple thought, we wept at that time, at that time are secondaries of the primary, wept.

44. Compound thoughts are classified in two ways; first, according to their immediate elements; second, according to the mode of joining their immediate elements.

45. First Classification. According to their immediate elements, Compound Thoughts are of the First Degree or Primary, of the Second Degree or Secondary, of the Third Degree or Tertiary, etc.

46. The word, degree,1 means according to a step.

A Compound Thought of the FIRST DEGREE or a PRIMARY Compound Thought is one whose immediate elements are simple thoughts.

EXAMPLES.

1. You stood and she sat. You stood while she was sitting.

Ex., 1, is a primary compound thought, because its immediate elements, you stood, she sat, are simple thoughts.

I DEGREE. e, something; gre gres, a step; de, according to.

47. A Compound Thought of the SECOND DEGREE or a SECONDARY Compound Thought is one whose immediate elements are either primary compounds, or a primary compound with simple thoughts.

2. "Whoso loveth instruction, loveth knowledge; but he, that hateth reproof, is brutish."

Ex., 2, is a secondary compound, because its immediate elements are the two primary compounds, whoso loveth instruction, loveth knowledge; he, that hateth reproof, is brutish.

3. Boast not thyself of to-morrow, for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth."

Ex., 3, is a secondary compound because its immediate elements are the simple thought, boast not thyself of to-morrow, and the primary compound, thou knowest not what a day may bring forth.

48. The word, tertiary,' means belonging to that which is third.

A Compound Thought of the THIRD DEGREE or a TERTIARY Compound is one having one or more secondary compounds among its immediate elements.

4. "There is [one person] that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing; and, there is [one person] that maketh himself poor, yet hath great riches."

Ex., 4, is a tertiary compound, because its immediate elements are the two secondaries, there is that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing; there is that maketh himself poor, yet hath great riches.

49. Second Classification. Compound Thoughts, according to the mode of joining their immediate elements, are of two kinds; Connected, and Complex or Mixed.

NOTE III. For convenience, Connected Compound thoughts may be called Connected thoughts; Complex or Mixed Compound thoughts, Complex or Mixed thoughts, because all Connected and Complex thoughts are Compound.

50. A CONNECTED Thought is one whose immediate elements are joined by an idea of connection.

EXAMPLES.

1. He rejoiced at my prosperity, and he deplored my adversity, therefore will I have confidence in him until other charges against him have been proved.

I TERTIARY. (a)ry, state of, order of; t(i), of that which is ter, third.

For other examples of Connected Compounds, see ex., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9, on pages 27, 28.

51. The word, complex,' means folded together.

The word, mixed,2 means one with another.

A COMPLEX or MIXED Thought is one in whose formation an entire thought is used as an idea only.

2. We suppose them to be the men.

Ex., 2, is a complex or mixed thought because the entire thought, them to be the men, is used as the third primary idea in the thought, of which we is the first primary, and suppose the second primary. See, also, ex., 10, 11, and 12.

52. Second Classification of Thoughts. Thoughts, according to their relation, are Dependent, and Independent.

Dependent Thoughts.

53. The word, dependent,3 means hanging from.

A DEPENDENT Thought is a thought used as an idea in the formation of another Thought.

EXAMPLES.

1. We saw them catch the horse.

Them catch the horse, is a dependent thought, because it is used as the receiver or third primary idea in the Complex thought, we saw them catch the horse.

2. We wept when we remembered Zion.

In ex., 2, when we remembered Zion, is a dependent thought, because it is used as a subordinate or secondary idea in the Complex thought, We wept when we remembered Zion.

54. Dependent thoughts are of two kinds; the Primary, and the Subordinate or Secondary.

55. A PRIMARY Dependent thought is a thought used as a primary idea.

3. "I will try to do it" has done wonders.

“I will try to do it" is used as the first primary idea or actor of a complex thought; hence, it is a Primary Dependent thought.

1 COMPLEX. - ks-cs, that which has been; pl, folded, made; com — gether.

2 MIXED. ed, state of, condition of; (e)w, that which has been; m, many is, one made from many.

con, to

That

DEPENDENT. ent, state of, condition of; dt, that which; pen, hangs; de, from.

4. We knew these sheep to be yours by their ear-marks. We knew that these sheep were yours by their ear-marks.

These sheep to be yours and that these sheep were yours, are used as third primary ideas in the formation of the thoughts to which they belong; hence, they are Primary Dependent thoughts.

NOTE I. Primary Dependent thoughts can be used in place of Actors and of Receivers. They can not be used in place of Actions or Second primaries.

56. A SUBORDINATE Dependent thought is a thought used as a Subordinate or Secondary idea.

5. A man, who holds an office, should remember that he does not own the office.

Who holds an office is used as a subordinate idea in the first part of a thought; hence, it is a Subordinate or Secondary Dependent thought. 6. You went to the place in which he resides.

7. Did you listen when the teacher was instructing you?
8. Did the gentleman sit while the ladies were standing?
9. Can you see the tree on which this fruit grew?
10. Dr. Kane had hopes of reaching the North Pole.

Independent Thoughts.

57. The word, independent,1 means not hanging from.

An INDEPENDENT Thought is one not used as an idea in the formation of another thought.

EXAMPLES.

1. Roses bloom in the summer time.

This is an independent thought because it is not used as an idea in the formation of another thought.

NOTE I. A simple thought, used alone, can not be Dependent, for, according to the definition, a Dependent must always be an element of a mixed compound thought; and, for the same reason, a compound thought, used alone, can not be Dependent.

2. Some men build houses and other men live in them.

In ex., 2, some men build houses, is independent, because it is not used as an idea in the formation of another thought; for the same reason, other men live in them, is independent, and, for the same reason also, the compound thought is independent.

1 INDEPENDENT. dependent, -
-; in, not.

NOTE II. The immediate elements of all connected thoughts are Independent.

3. We saw them catch the horse.

The thought, as a whole, is independent. We saw is also independent. (See 57.)

EXERCISE III.

1. Can you name a group of ideas whose principal is an actor? action? What do these two form, when the action has a relation to the actor? no relation to the actor? Have you ever had a simple thought? How did you get it? Repeat it. How many primary ideas does it contain? Which of them do you call the first primary idea? Have you any objection to calling it the third primary idea? Why? the second primary idea? Why? What is the least number of primary ideas which can be used in a single thought? the greatest number

2. Look about you, and learn a simple thought from something in this room. How many parts has it? From which part is it framed? How do you know it is a thought? Is it a simple thought, or a compound thought? From what are thoughts made? Does a person think every time he says, I think? Can you learn without thinking? Do you know any one who does not think? Do infants think? How do you know? Does a dog think? How do you know? Do boys and girls, at school, think?

3. Which is better, to think twice and speak once, or to think once and speak twice? to think before you speak, or to speak before you think? Which would be the more likely to use a complex thought, a little boy, or a wise man? a little girl, or a woman? a little boy, or a little girl? a horse-post, or a pumpkin?

an oyster, or a tree?

a dog, or a tree?

III. Classification of Language.

58. Third, the CLASSIFICATION of Language. Language, according to its essentials or that which it expresses, is divided into Mood Language or Language of Feeling, and Thought or Sentential Language.

NOTE I. Many classify Language according to its supposed origin, into Natural, and Artificial, designating by the term, Natural Language, that which we call Mood Language, and by the term, Artificial, that which we call Thought Language. We object to this classification because all Language is of Divine origin, and hence, alike, natural.

Mood Language.

59. Mood Language or Language of FEELING is that which is used to express moods or feelings.