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6. The first word of every line of poetry.

Three things bear mighty sway with men ;
The Sword, the Sceptre, and the Pen.

He, who the first of these can wield,

In honor's race, shall win the field.

7. The first word of a full quotation. The fool hath said in "There is no God."

his heart,

405. RULE II. A Capital Letter must be used to express the word, I, when used as a pronoun; aud the word, O, when used as an exclamation.

8. The word, I, used as a pronoun. Behold, I come quickly. Shall I come now?

9. The word, O, used as an exclamation. Hear, O! ye men, and give heed, O! ye sons of men.

406. RULE III. Capital Letters must be used in the titles of books, and of chapters, and sometimes, of sections. Generally, Capital Letters may be used in such words as are very strongly emphatic.

Small Capital Letters.

407. SMALL CAPITAL Letters are letters, which, in size, are between capitals and small or body letters.

408. Small Capital Letters are used in sub-headings of chapters, headings of sections, etc. They are sometimes used to denote peculiar emphasis. (See the Definitions of this Book.)

Small or Body Letters.

409. SMALL or BODY LETTERS are the smallest letters of the kind or class to which they belong. They constitute the greatest portion of the letters ased in written or in printed words.

410. According to form, Letters are divided into Plain or Common, and Ornamental Letters.

411. Plain or Common Letters are divided into Roman, Italic, and Script Letters.

EXAMPLES.

1. Roman. BOOKS, BOOKS, books.

2. Italic.

3. Script.

BOOKS, books.

BOOHS, books.

412. Ornamental Letters are of many kinds, some of which are known as ;

[blocks in formation]

413. According to size, Letters are divided into Great Primer, English, Pica, Small Pica, Long Primer, Bourgeois, Brevier, Minion, Nonpareil, Agate, Pearl, etc.

Great Primer.

1. When, in the course of human

English.

2. When, in the course of human events,

Pica.

3. When, in the course of human events, it

Small Pica.

4. When, in the course of human events, it becomes

Long Primer.

5. When, in the course of human events, it becomes

Bourgeois.

6. When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces

Brevier.

7. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for

Minion.

8. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one

Nonpariel.

9. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one

Agate.

10. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people

11.

Pearl.

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve

414. According to sound, Letters are divided into three kinds; Vowels, Sub-vowels, and Ab-vowel or Speech Letters.

415. A VOWEL is a letter, which expresses or names a vocal sound.

416. The Vowel Letters of the English language are five in number; namely, a, e, i, o, u.

417. According to the sounds which they express, Vowels are Long, Short, and Doubtful.

418. A LONG Vowel is one which expresses or names a long sound. Its sign is the Macron. (See Punctuation.)

419. A SHORT Vowel is one which expresses or names a short sound. Its sign is the Breve.

420. A DOUBTFUL Vowel is one which expresses or names either a short, or a long sound. Its sign is the Doubtful Mark.

NOTE VIII. Students should study the signs for different vowel sounds, as given in the Standard Dictionaries.

421. The English Vowel Letters are generally supposed to represent about fifteen vocal elements of English words; as, in the following;

TABLE OF VOWELS.

The Vowel, a has four sounds; called, the First or Long sound, as in fate; the Second or Short sound, as in făt; the Third or Italian sound, as in fär; and the Fourth or Broad sound, as in fall.

The Vowel, e, has two sounds; called, the First or Long sound, as in me; and the Second or Short sound, as in mět.

The Vowel, i, has two sounds; called, the First or Long sound, as

in pine; and the Second or Short sound, as in pin.

The Vowel, o, has four sounds; called, First or Long sound, as in no; the Second or Short sound, as in not; the Third or Open sound, as in nör; and the Fourth or Broad sound, as in move.

The Vowel, u, has three sounds; called, the First or Long sound, as in tube; the Second or Short sound, as in tub; the Third or Open sound, as in füll.

NOTE IX. The First or Long sound of a Vowel is used as the name of that vowel; thus, we say the Vowel letter, ē, etc.;

NOTE X. Two Vowels, used together, are called a Diphthong or Di graph. When they express a double vocal sound, they are called a Proper Diphthong; when they express a single vocal sound, they are called an Improper Diphthong; as, oi in boil, a proper Diphthong; ea in great, an improper Diphthong. In like manner, three Vowels, used ogether, are called a Triphthong or Trigraph; as eau in beauty, an imwoper Triphthong.

422. A SUB-VOWEL expresses a sub-vocal element.

423. The Sub-vowel Letters are seventeen in numɔer; namely, b, c d, f, g, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w.

NOTE XI. The Sub-vowel, C, is sometimes used for k; as, in the word, cage; when so used, it is called Chard. C is sometimes used for s; as, in the word, efface; when so used, it is called C soft. C is sometimes used for z; as, in the word, sacrifice, pronounced sacrifize. C has no peculiar sound, except when taken with the letter h; as, in the word, church. That is;

Generally, the Sub-vowel, C, before the vowels, a, v, u, has its hard sound or k; before the vowels, e, i, it has its soft sound or s; before the letter, h, it has its peculiar sound or ch.

The Sub-vowel Letter, G, likewise has its own peculiar sound; as, in the word, gag; when so used, it is called G hard. G is sometimes used for the letter, j; as, in the word, germ; when so used, it is called G soft. That is;

Generally, the Sub-vowel Letter, G, before the vowels a, o, u, has its hard or peculiar sound; before the vowels, e, i, it has its soft sound or j. To this statement, there are many exceptions.

The Sub-vowels, X, Z, are double letters; X being equal to ks; as, in the word, exist eksist; and, sometimes, being equal to the letter, Z; as, the first x in the word, Xerxes. Z being equal to ds; as, in the word, zany = dsany.

NOTE XII. Sometimes, one letter is substituted for another; in such cases, the substitute should be regarded as the letter, for which it is substituted; as, Y for I in fly; I for Y in billion; W for U in new; U for Win language.

424. AB-VOWEL or SPEECH LETTERS are those which express ab-vocal. or speech sounds.

425. The Ab-vowel or Speech Letters are three in number; namely, c in ch, j, and s.

NOTE XIII. The remaining portion of the science of Orthography is similar to a certain portion of the science of Orthoepy; hence, it is given under the compound term, Orthoepy and Orthography,

Examples to be corrected and explained by the pupils.

1. having wonce started The giblets was determined that no thing should Stop them in there carear until they had ran there ful Coarse evere Taylor. evere Shoemaker everea Kotchmaker And everigh dansing Master in Ye [ye old form for the] sitty ware Enlisting in thare ser vices.

Pupil. "Having begins the period; hence, it should begin with a capital. Wonce is intended for once, from which it is formed by prefixing w, or by Prosthe sis," &c.

2. my name is norval on the grampian hills my father feeds his flock a rural swain and i his Only son

3. Heard Ye. Those Loud Contending Waves That Shook cecropia.

4. For the strengthe off ye hills We bless the our god

5. Our love to god ward, is not to be compared with his to us ward, 6. The persons inside the coach were Mr Miller a clergyman his son a lawyer Mr Angelo a foreigner his lady and a little child

This may be made into several different sentences both as to the number, professions, and the relations of those in the coach, by varying the punctuation.

7. 'Tis mine to teach th' inactive hand to reap

kind natures Bounties, o'er the globe diffus'd,

8. The aërial pencil forms the scene anew.

9. Withouten trump was proclamation made.

10. The law i gave to nature him forbids.

11. Behold I lay in Zion a stumbling-stone and rock of offence.

12. Let us instant go o'erturn his palaces.

13. Every good man's sons is blest by what his father has done.

14. I done what you told me with them things. You haint though! 15. This book is Neither yours or his?

16. I am more pleased with the baconian then with the aristotelian system of philosophy. Althou I learnt both.

17. "Yees speaks hinglish as well as hi do"

18. What clatter, rattle, whizzing, buzzing, screaking, banging

19. This is the thing I told him of which he did not know what to do with such a dilemma he had got into

20. We have apples and potatoes and turnips and onions or beans

or else peas

21. I saw the moon leading its starry host in the sky.

22. The sun in its meridian glory illumes the day.

23. Each one of the jury receive their pay.

24. Many a man send letters home when absent.

25. Mathematics are the science of quantity.

26. Reflect on every word, you see, read, hear, or speak; its birth, derivation, and history. This will insure you a liberal education.

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