because, it expresses a group of ideas. Its immediate elements are the words naming the ideas, of which the group is formed.

3. The very deep red color of the rose. a very rich man.

The country seat of

General Analysis. Logically, the very deep, etc., is a group of ideas whose immediate elements are the ideas, the, color, of; and, the groups very deep red, the rose. Rhetorically, the very deep, etc., is a phrase The immediate elements used in its formation, are the words, the, color of; and the phrases, very deep red, the rose.

In like manner, analyze, very deep red, the rose.

40. Each immediate element of a Phrase has its use or office according to the essentials, which it names, and the part which the element takes in the formation of the Phrase.

41. According to their use or office, the Elements of a Phrase are called its Principal word, its Adjunct Words, its Adjunct Phrases, and its Relators.

42. The PRINCIPAL Word of a Phrase is the word naming the principal idea of the group, and used as the foundation or basis on which the Phrase is constructed.

In ex., 1, the word, friend, is the principal word; because, it names the principal idea of the group, and is the foundation or basis on which the phrase is constructed.

LIT. DEF. The word, adjunct,' means that which has been joined [to another].

43. An ADJUNCT Word is one naming a subordinate or secondary idea, and used in the Phrase with another word.

Thus, in ex., 3, the is an adjunct word of the principal, color.

44. An ADJUNCT Phrase is one naming a subordinate group, and used as an adjunct of a word.

Thus, in ex., 3, very deep red, the rose, are adjunct phrases of the principal word, color.

In the adjunct phrase, very deep red, red is an adjunct word of color; very deep, an adjunct phrase of red; of which, deep is an adjunct word of red, and very an adjunct word of deep.

NOTE I. An Adjunct word is so called, because it seems to be joined to its principal word. There is, however, no direct relation between words. This is clearly seen by observing that the classification of the

1 ADJUNCT. t, that which; junc, has been joined; ad, to [something].

words, forming a phrase, into the principal and its adjuncts, is based upon the relation of the ideas named by these words, and not upon the relation between the words themselves. For convenience, however, we often speak of the relation of one word to another of the same phrase. This is a figurative use of language. (See Chap. V., Metonymy.)

LIT. DEF. The word, relator,' means that which carries back.

45. A RELATOR is a word naming an idea of relation, and used to show the relation between an adjunct word, or adjunct phrase, and another word.

In the phrase, a friend of the race, of is a relator; because, it names an idea of relation, and is used to show the relation of the adjunct phrase, the race, to its principal, friend.

NOTE II. For convenience, we often describe the relator as showing the relation between an adjunct and its principal word. In point of fact, however, the relator is simply the name of the relation of one idea to another in the same group.

46. The words, whose relation is shown by a Relator, are called; the Antecedent, and the Subsequent Terms of the Relator.

LIT. DEF. The word, antecedent," means going before [another].

47. The ANTECEDENT Term of a relator is the word, to which the relation of another word is shown by the relator.

Thus, in the phrase, the friend of man, the word, friend, is the antecedent term of the relator, of.

LIT. DEF. The word, subsequent, means that which follows after [another].

48. The SUBSEQUENT Term of a relator is the word, whose relation to an antecedent term is shown by the relator.

Thus, in the phrase, the friend of man, the word, man, is the subsequent term of the relator, of.

NOTE III. Generally, the Antecedent term is placed before the relator, and the Subsequent Term is placed after it; but, this is not always the case, for the Subsequent is sometimes placed before its antecedent; as, of this man's wrongs, no redress! meaning no redress of this man's wrongs!

1 RELATOR. or, state of; t, that which; la, carries; re, back.

2 ANTECEDENT. (e)nt, state of that which; ced, walks, goes; ante, before. SUBSEQUENT. (e)nt, ; sequ, follows; sub, after.

49. The relations of Adjunct words to their Principals may be shown in four ways; first, by position; second, by relators; third, by the apostrophe, or the hyphen; fourth, logically or by the meanings of the words.

50. First. When the relation of an adjunct word to its principal is shown by position only, the adjunct generally precedes its principal.

4. A really true man. A very large quantity of fruit. The very brilliant plumage of the various birds of the tropical regions of the earth.

51. Second. When the relation of an adjunct to its principal is shown by a relator, the adjunct is placed after its principal.

5. Fond of wealth. The shells of old ocean. Incapable of exertion.

6. The very brilliant plumage of the various birds of the tropical regions of the earth.

52. Third. When the relation of an adjunct to its principal is shown by an apostrophe, or by a hyphen, the adjunct is placed before its principal.

7. Ellen's friends. The Mechanics' Society. Fishing tackle. Boot-jack.

NOTE IV. Generally, the relation of an adjunct, expressing the source, origin, or ownership, etc., of its Principal, may be shown by the Apostrophe, or by the Relator, of, according to the taste of the narrator; as, man's rights, the rights of man.

In some instances, this change alters the meaning of the expression, but it does not alter the use or office of the adjunct word, whose sign of relation is thus changed; as, Washington's anecdotes, anecdotes of Washington, which expressions have different meanings, while the adjunct words, Washington's, of Washington, name ideas subordinate to anecdotes.

In other instances, custom does not permit this change; as, the state of affairs, is not expressed as the affairs' state; while, the state's affairs may be expressed as the affairs of the state. (See Punctuation, Apostrophe.)

8. The mountain's top. The mountains' tops. The moun tain-top.

9. The house of the partner of the brother of the wife of John. John's wife's brother's partner's house. The house of the partner of John's wife's brother.

NOTE V. The hyphen does not affect the Logical and Rhetorical uses of the words forming the Phrase; thus, with or without the hyphen, mountain is an adjunct of top. When the hyphen is used, the words joined by it are called a Compound word. (See Punctuation, Hyphen.)

53. Fourth. When the relation of an adjunct to its principal is shown logically or by its meaning only, the adjunct is sometimes placed before, but generally after its principal.

10. Oh, maiden fair! Oh, sky serene!

Classification of Phrases.

54. Third, the CLASSIFICATIONS. Phrases are classified according to their formation, and according to their relations.

55. First Classification. According to their formation, Phrases are of two kinds; Simple, and Compound. 56. A SIMPLE Phrase is one whose immediate elements are words.

EXAMPLES.

1. Some fine books. A man's hat. The wealth of nations. Some fine books is a simple phrase; because, its immediate elements are its principal word, books, and its adjunct words, some, fine.

57. A COMPOUND Phrase is one having one or more adjunct phrases among its immediate elements.

2. This very large book. A song of the good old times.

This very large book is a compound phrase; because, its immediate elements are its principal word, book, its adjunct word, this, and its adjunct phrase, very large.

NOTE I. It is altogether probable, that the word, of, is the only one which can be used as a relator in a Compound Phrase. Other words, however, seem to be so used. These are the results of contractions of sentences; as, the tree in the garden, which is evidently a contraction of the sentence, the tree, which tree is in the garden. In like manner, Converts, who were converted to temperance, may be contracted to Converts to temperance, which, at first sight, appears to be a Compound Phrase.

Of is frequently used erroneously as a relator; as, I had the money of James, meaning I had the money from James.

58. Second Classification. According to their relations, Phrases are Dependent, and Independent.

59. A DEPENDENT Phrase is one which is used as an adjunct in the formation of a compound phrase.

EXAMPLES.

1. A very extensive tract of country. A stream of very cold

water.

Very extensive is a dependent phrase; because, it is used as an adjunct phrase in the formation of the phrase, a very extensive tract of country.

60. An INDEPENDENT Phrase is one which is not used as an adjunct in the formation of a compound phrase. Hence, every Phrase, whether simple, or compound, taken entire, is independent.

In a compound phrase, the Independent part may be a word only; or, it may be a phrase.

As, four men's strength; in which the word, strength, is the independent part; four men's is a dependent phrase.

In the phrase, four men's united strength, the independent part is united strength.

2. A very careless man's box of fishing-tackle.

General Analysis. Logically, a very careless, etc., is a compound group of ideas, of which, box is the principal; etc.

Rhetorically, a very careless, etc., is a compound phrase; because, etc. Its immediate elements are its principal word, box; a, adjunct of box; of, word of relation between tackle and box; fishing-tackle, dependent phrase, adjunct to box. The dependent phrase, very careless man's, has, as its elements, its principal word, man's, adjunct to box; the dependent phrase, very careless, adjunct to man's. The dependent phraso, very careless, has, as its principal word, careless, adjunct to man's; and very, adjunct to careless.