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Simple Forms.

78. A Predicate is in its SIMPLE Form, when its principal has no part of the predicates, TO BE, TO DO, as auxiliaries.

12. Lows the ox over his fodder? The ox lows over his fodder.

13. Go thou in peace,

Hear me, my friends.

14. Hail, smiling May! Comest thou! I will come. I shall have come.

Emphatic Form.

LIT. DEF. The word, emphatic,' means spoken within, or deep.

79. A Predicate is in its EMPHATIC Form, when its princi

pal has a part of the predicate, TO DO, as an auxiliary.

15. Does the ox low over his fodder?

over his fodder.

16. Do you love music? I do love music. 17. Do thou

The ox does low

go in peace. Do hear me, my friends.

18. Didst thou receive it? Thou didst receive it! He did it.

Periphrastic Form.

2

LIT. DEF. The word, periphrastic, means talking round about.

80. A Predicate or Affirmer is in its PERIPHRASTIC Form, when its principal predicate has some part of the predicate, TO BE, as an auxiliary.

19. Will I be studying my lesson? I will be studying my lesson.

20. Will my lesson be studied by me?

21. Loved I gold? I loved gold.

22. Did I love gold? I did love gold. 23. Was I loving gold?

1 EMPHATIC. tic, state of that which; pha-phra, is spoken; em-en- in, within.

2 PERIPHRASTIC. tic, · -; phras, speaks; peri, round. See Circumlocution

24. Was gold loved by me? Gold was loved by me.

NOTE III. Sometimes, the Predicate or Affirmer is the only part of the sentence which is expressed.

25. Go

Go thou. Go ye.

Come

Come thou.

Come ye.

26 Go away. Do go away. Study your lessons. Can you study? Ought John to study these lessons?

NOTE IV. Sometimes the Predicate or Affirmer is understood; as, in the answers to questions.

27. Who brought these books? Who has a book? Ans. John

28. Is the boy reading the book? The boy is reading the book. Was the book read by the boy? The book was read by the boy.

29. Could Ann have read the tale? Ann could have read the tale.

30. Could Ann have been reading the tale? Ann could have been reading the tale.

31. Could the tale have been read by Ann? The tale could have been read by Ann.

32. Somebody was building this house. This house was built by somebody.

33. Somebody is building this house. This house is built by somebody.

34. Somebody will be building this house. This house will be built by somebody.

35. The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment.

36. The man is the affirmer of his own story.

37. Historians predicate history on past events.

38. The student attributes the failure of his recitation to his ill health.

NOTE. The student may now begin with the first example under Subjects, and give the Rhetorical Analyses of each sentence, and the Special Analysis of its Subject and of its Predicates or Affirmers.

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III. Word and Phrase First Objects.

LIT. DEF. The word, object,' means that which has been placed before or opposite.

81. The FIRST OBJECT is a Word, or a Phrase, naming the receiver or third primary idea, and used in a sentence actively constructed.

EXAMPLES.

1. Can man number the stars? Man cannot number the stars.

General Analysis. Rhetorically, can man, etc., is a simple sentence, because, etc. It is actively constructed; because, etc. Its subject is man; its affirmer is can number; its first object is the word, stars.

Special Analysis. Stars is the receiver or third primary idea of the thought. It is used as the first object of the predicate, can number; because, it names the receiver or third primary idea, and is used in a sentence actively constructed. It is a Word First Object.

NOTE I. In an actively constructed sentence, the name of the receiver must be used as the First Object; but, in a passively constructed sentence, it must be used as the Subject. Hence, we see that the name of the receiver must be used as a First Object, or as a Subject; and, that no First Object can be used in a sentence passively constructed; and, also, that no First Object can be used in a sentence expressing a thought of two parts.

2. The stars cannot be numbered by thee.

In ex., 2, the name of the receiver, stars, is used as the subject; and therefore cannot be used as the first object. That is, the same word, naming the same idea, cannot be used in two offices of the same sentence. We cannot have "a First Object used as the Subject."

3. Sebastian Cabot first discovered the eastern coast of North America.

4. The men shouted for their battle-cry, "the glorious old banner."

Special Analysis. Logically, the glorious old banner, is a dependent group of ideas, used as the receiver of the action, shouted; rhetorically,

1 OBJECT. t, -;jec, has been put, placed; ob, opposite, before.

it is a phrase used as the first object of the predicate, shouted. It is a Phrase First Object.

5. The courts object to this testimony.

6. Wealth is a great object of human pursuit.

7. Every person should keep some good object in view. 8. The observation of an object becomes an object lesson. 9. Did you say, "in the ring?"

NOTE II. Sometimes the First Object is understood.

10. All animals eat

animals eat food.

All animals drink

All

It is plain that, if animals eat, they must eat something.

11. May John have told this story? John may have told this story.

12. May John have been telling this story? John may have been telling this story.

NOTE III. Examples frequently occur, in which a sentence appears to have two or more First Objects, when, in reality, one of these is a First Object, and may always be known by the fact, that it names the receiver of the action; while, the other is a Second Object, whose relator is understood. (See Second Objects, Relators.)

13. William sent me a book.

In this example, book is the first object; because, it names the receiver of the action, sent, and is used in a sentence actively constructed; while, me names an idea subordinate to the action, sent. Book receives the action, sent; while, me receives the book, the thing which is sent.

If the sentence be passively constructed, the difference between these Objects becomes more apparent. For, if book be used as the subject, our sentence is passively constructed, and correctly. But, if me [I] be used as the subject, the expression is incorrect. (See Selection of Subjects.) Thus ;

14. A book was sent to me by William. A book was sent me by William.

15. I was sent a book by William. Incorrect.

IV. Relators.

82. A RELATOR is a word naming an idea of relation, and used to show the relation of its subsequent to an antecedent term. (See Phrases, Relators.)

EXAMPLES.

1. In the same year, Hudson's ship, the Half-Moon, was also sent to the Hudson River on a like errand by the company.

General Analysis. (Let the student give the General Analysis.) Special Analysis. Logically, in is one of the several ideas of relation, which the subordinate idea, year, has to its principal, was sent; rhetorically, in is used to show the relation of its subsequent term, year, to its antecedent term, was sent. Between the idea of action, was sent, and its subordinate, year, [was sent, year,] many ideas of relation naturally arise; as, before, during, after, about; hence, the one intended by the narrator must be 'expressed in order that it may be definitely known by the narratee.

To is one of the ideas of relation which the subordinate idea, river, has to the second primary idea, was sent.

On is one of the ideas of relation between the subordinate idea, errand, and its principal idea, was sent.

By is the idea of relation between the actor or first primary idea, company, and the second primary idea, was sent, and is used to show the relation of its subsequent term, company, to the predicate, was sent.

2. The affairs of the states are the states' affairs.

Special Analysis. Of is the idea of relation between states, a subordinate idea of a group, and its principal, affairs, and is used as a relator to show the relation of the adjunct word, states, to its principal word, affairs.

3. The relator of this narration is not a relative of mine. 4. The relation of a story is the narration of a story. 5. A sailor relates the narrative of his voyages.

6. The study of language relates to all our other studies.

83 In Simple Sentences, Relators are used in two ways;

84. First. As in all other languages, Relators are

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