used to show the relations of adjunctive words to predicates or affirmers. 7. This building was erected by its founder on that very spot. Special Analysis. Logically, by is an idea of relation between the first primary idea or actor, founder, and was erected, the second primary idea or action; rhetorically, by shows the relation of its subsequent term, founder, to the predicate, was erected. On is the idea of relation between spot, a subordinate idea, and its principal idea, was erected. It is used to show the relation of its subsequent term, spot, to the predicate, was erected. NOTE I. The Relator is sometimes omitted, when its subsequent term is placed before the first object. (This omission has led to the error noticed under first objects, Note III.) 8. Asa paid-William the money. Asa paid the money to William. NOTE II. The word, by, should be used as the Relator, when the subsequent term is the name of the actor. The use of the word, with, to show this relation is not proper. In some figurative expressions, by should be substituted for with. (See Chap. V., Fig. Lang., Personification.) 9. The horse killed the man. The engine killed the man. The man was killed by the horse. The man was killed by the engine. In these examples, if with be substituted for by, we shall have ;The man was killed with the horse; that is, the man and the horse were both killed together, or by the same cause. The man was killed with the engine; which is nonsense; unless, something killed both the man and the engine. 10. The enemy slew the people with the sword. The people were slain with the sword by the enemy. By a rhetorical figure, called Personification, the means or instrument with which an act is done is sometimes represented as the actor or doer. Thus, if the instrument, sword, be represented as the actor, enemy, we would substitute by for with; as, the people were slain by the sword. In such cases, the name of the actor should not be expressed. 85. Second. As in Phrases, the Relator is used to show the relation of an adjunctive word to a principal, which is not a predicate. 11. The den of a thief is a thief's den. NOTE III. The word, of, is probably the only one which can really be used to name the relation of an adjunctive to a principal, which is not an affirmer. Other words may appear to be so used, while, in reality, they are not. Thus; 12. The man, in the moon, must have been made of moonshine. In this example, in appears to show the relation of moon to man, but, in reality, it is the result of a contraction of the sentence, the man who lives in the moon, etc. 13. In the beginning, the earth was without form. 14. The horse ran along the road, through the woods, inte the field. NOTE IV. A Relator and its subsequent term form a dependent Phrase, which is called a Prepositional Phrase or an Adverbial Phrase. 15. In what place is my hat? Where is my hat? In this place is your hat. Here is your hat. In that place is your hat. There is your hat. NOTE V. The subsequent term of a Relator may be understood; as, 16. The persons within the church were much disturbed by the persons without [the church]. NOTE VI. The Relator should always precede its subsequent term; as, 17. Heaven hides the book of fate from all creatures. 18. Heaven, from all creatures, hides the book of fate. 19. From all creatures, heaven hides the book of fate. 20. To whom did you give the book? Incorrect. Whom did you give the book to? 21. About whom are you talking? Common Error. Whom are you talking about? Who are you talking about? NOTE VII. In the expression, Charles was applied to, the word, Charles, although apparently a subject, is, in reality, the subsequent term of the relator, to, which should, of course, be placed before its subsequent. Thus, the expression becomes, to Charles was applied, which is simply a phrase. NOTE VIII. Such erroneous expressions as the following are frequently found; Error. 22. I have often met with specimens of this kind. In these examples, with is apparently a Relator, having the affirmer, met, for its antecedent; but, in reality, it is not a Relator; because, first, it does not name an idea of relation; second, it has no subsequent term. The expression should be, "I have often found specimens of this kind;" "specimens of this kind are often found." Met and found refer to the manner in which two or more come together. Met refers to two or more coming together from different points; as, 24. John and William met at the cross-roads. I met my friend in the street. The armies met on the field of battle. The foes met face to face. Found is the act of one party coming across or discovering another; as, 25. I found my friend in the hotel. Lyell found specimens of fossils in the rocks. Men find gold in the sand. 26. The people assembled in the church. 27. The people met in the church. "The people met together in the church." Error. 28. As soon as the people found themselves in a lectureroom, they began to demand a lecture. NOTE IX. In regard to errors in the use of Relators or Prepositions, Bee Grammar. 29. The top of the mountain is the mountain's top. 30. Mary's father is the uncle of John. John's uncle is the father of Mary. 31. The land was ploughed by the farmer in the autumn, under great difficulties in a workmanlike manner with a team of ten pairs of cattle. V. Word and Phrase Second Objects. 86. A SECOND OBJECT is a Word, or a Phrase, generally naming an idea, subordinate to the action; but, sometimes, naming the actor itself; and, used as the adjunctive of a predicate or affirmer. EXAMPLES. 1. At a given signal, the forces of the enemy were led from their camp into the plain by their general. T S F. General Analysis. Rhetorically, at a given signal, etc., is a simple sentence, passively constructed. Its principal words are, forces, were led. Its relators are, at, of, from, into, by. Its adjunctives are, a, given, the, the, enemy, their, camp, the, plain, their, general; and, of these adjunctives, the second objects are signal, camp, plain, general Special Analysis. Signal, logically, is an idea subordinate to the action, were led; rhetorically, signal is a second object of the predicate, were led, to which its relation is shown by the relator, at. It is a second object, because it names an idea subordinate to the action, and its relation to the predicate is shown by a relator. In like manner, analyze camp, plain. General is the actor or first primary, and is used as the second object of the predicate, were led. By shows its relation to the predicate, were led. It is a second object, because it names the actor or first primary idea, and is used as an adjunctive, etc. NOTE I. In the construction of a simple sentence, the name of the actor or first primary idea may be used as the subject, and it may be used as the Second Object, and it must be used in one or the other of these two offices, if used at all. When the name of the actor is the subject, the sentence is actively constructed; but, when the name of the actor is the Second Object, the sentence is passively constructed. When used as a subject, the name of the actor, through the idea which it names, influences our idea of the action; and, as a subject, controls the construction of the sentence. When used as a Second Object, it loses its controlling influence in the sentence, and retains its modifying influence only. 2. The men build the houses. The women prepare the food. The children may enjoy comfortable homes. 3. The houses are built by the men. The food is prepared by the women. Comfortable homes may be enjoyed by the children. 4. George Stephenson invented the railway locomotive engine. The railway locomotive engine was invented by George Stephenson. NOTE II. The relation of a Second Object to its predicate is always shown by a relator, which is either expressed or understood. 5. During the last year, maný valuable lives were lost through accident. Last year, many valuable lives were lost through accident. 6. The train moved at the rate of twenty miles in an hour. The train moved twenty miles an hour. NOTE III. In the English language, a Second Object, naming the actor or first primary idea, must have its relation shown by the relator, by. (See Relators, Note II.) 7. Your new book pleases our students very much. Our students are very much pleased by your new book. According to usage, this sentence, passively constructed, becomes; "Our students are very much pleased with your new book." This is erroneous. NOTE IV. When the Second Object is placed between the First Object and its predicate, its relator is sometimes omitted. (See Relators, and Ellipsis of Language.) 8. The man gave a dollar to the boy. the boy a dollar. The man gave 9. The teacher taught grammar to his pupils. The teacher taught [to] his pupils grammar. NOTE V. This change, in the place of the Second Object, and the omission of its relator have led some to suppose that these Second Objects have thus become First Objects; hence, the following erroneous statement, "Verbs of teaching, giving, etc., govern two Objectives, the one of a person, and the other of a thing." Did the author of this statement intend that the term, person should include the term, horses, in the follo ving example ?- |