cedes the latter, as it does here. Haec inter -See Notes, Ode ili. 3, 11.

39. In partem juvet "take her share in the management of." In partem-iv pigs or xarà pigos, ex parte "on her side," or "for her share." In this verse the third halt foot is a tribrach.

41. Sabina-The domestic virtues and the strict morality of the Sabines are fre quently alluded to by the ancient writers. See Notes, Ode iii. 6, 38. Aut perusta, &c -Apuli-"or the wife of the industrious Apulian, embrowned by the sun." See Notes, Ode iii. 4, 10.

60. Haedus ereptus lupo-“a kid rescued from a wolf." Animals, though mangled by wolves (rà λuxißewra reißara), were not judged unfit for eating. Cp. Mar tial, x. 48, 14.

61. Ut juvat ut gaudet, line 19.

63. Vomerem inversum—"the inverted ploughshare." The simple construction of the ancient Roman plough is exhibited by the cut appended to the Note on Epode i. 25. It was composed chiefly of a beam (temo) or trunk of elm, naturally or artificially bent at one end into a crook (buris), which was protected by a fluke-shaped iron cover

43. Sacrum-The hearth was sacred to ing (vomer), and controlled by a branch the Lares. Vetustis Aridis.

44. Sub-See Notes, Ode i. 8, 14. 45. Textis cratibus"in the wicker enclosures," lit. "in the wattled (or woven) burdles." Laetum pecus "the joyous

flock."

47. Horna-vina-"this year's wine.' The poor were accustomed to drink the new wine from the dolium (vinum doliare), after the fermentation had subsided. For llorna, see Notes. Ode iii. 23, 3.

48. Inemptas-Cp. Virg. Geo. iv. 132, &c., and Martial, xiii. 82.

left on the opposite side (stiva). At night the plough was reversed, and suspended on the yoke (jugum), so as to be conveniently drawn home by the oxen. Cp. Virg. Eci. ii. 66, and Ovid, Fast. v. 497.

65. In regard to the anapæst at the commencement, see Note on line 35. Positosque, &c.-Lares-"and the home-born slaves ranged around the shining Lares, the proof of a wealthy mansion." The Lares are styled "shining," or "beaming," probably from being placed near the fire, in the centre of the atrium, around which the slaves took their supper. Cp. Martial, iii. 58, 22. The Lares were not, like the Penates, regarded as divinities, but supposed to be the souls of deceased friends, who had the power of exercising a protecting influence lat.cendants. over the persons and property of their des

49. Lucrina-conchylia-the Lucrine shell-fish." Cp. Sat. ii. 4, 32; Pliny, Hist. Nat. ix. 54; and see Notes, Ode ii. 15, 3.

50. Rhombus "the turbot." Scari"Scars," or "Chars." Cp. Sat. ii. 2, 22, and Pliny, Hist. Nat. ix. 17. While both were highly esteemed, Ennius calls the ter, Cerebrum prope Jovi' supremi.

51. Si quos, &c-mare-"if a tempest, thundered forth over the Eastern waves, turn any of their number to this sea." The scari abounded in the Carpathian Sea, and were taken most plentifully on the coast of Italy after a storm from the East. Cp. Pliny, Hist. Nat. xi. 37.

Their altar was the domestic hearth (focus), and they were believed to be propitiated by offerings of incense (thus). As guardians of the household, they were styled familiares; of the streets, viales; of the cross-roads, compitales; of the city, praestites; and of the fields, rurales. They are represented as young men crowned with

53. Afra avis-gallina Numidica, or Me-laurel, dressed in a short tunic, and holding leagris "the Guinea-fowl," Columella, viii.

2, 2.

54. Attagen Ionicus-"the Ionian woodcock," which was esteemed a great delicacy (Martial, xiii. 61).

55. Jucundior may either be taken adverbially, for jucundius, with descendat, or sit mihi may be supplied.

57. Herba lapathi-The lapathum, a spo cies of sorrel (rumex), takes its name (λáTabov) from its medicinal properties, (2.απάζω, w, purgo.) Gravi-corpori-"to the languid frame."

58. Malvae-See Notes, Ode i. 31, 15. 59. Terminalibus - The Terminalia, or festival of Terminus, the god of boundaries, was celebrated on the 23d of February (7 Kal. Mar.) Cp. Ovid, Fast. ii. 653, Spargitur et caesa communis Terminus agna.

a drinking-horn above their heads, as in the annexed cnt, from a bas-relief in the Vatican.

EPODE III.-Dicolos distrophos: Metre-The Second Iambic, of which the first verse is an Iambic Trimeter, or Senarius, and the second an Iambic Dimeter, or Quaternarius; thus—

SUBJECT-A humorous tirade against garlic, which appear to have been eaten at Mæcenas' table, and to have disagreed with the poet's bile.

Addressed to Mæcenas; but the date of composition is uncertain.

12. Hoc-"with this," namely, with the 7. Incoctus-Cp. Ovid, Met. vii. 265. Fe-juice of garlic! The pronoun is repeated in fellit-latuit. Malas "deadly," or "nox- the next line for the sake of emphasis. ious," as in Virg. Æn. ii. 471.

15. Nec tantus, &c.-Apuliae-"nor hath such scorching heat from the stars ever 11. Ignota, &c.-juga-" when he was settled on thirsty Apulia." Cp. Virg. Geo. going to bind on the bulls a yoke (lit. un-ii. 353; and see Notes, Ode iii. 29, 18, and

30, 11. With siticulosae Apuliae, compare πολυδίψιον "Αργος, Hom. Il. iv. 171.

17. Nec munus, &c.—aestuosius-"nor did the gift (of Dejanira) burn with more fury on the shoulders of the indefatigable Hercules." Cp. Epode 17, 31, and Ovid, Met. ix. 130. Efficacis dpaσrngíov-Cp. Ode iv. 8, 30. In line 17, the second half foot is a tribrach, as in Epode 2, 61, &c.

19. Si quid, &c.-concupiveris-"if thou shalt ever desire such food as this," i.e., such food as garlic.

20. Jocose "O sportive," or "facetious." By this epithet the poet seems to insinuate that he had been made the subject of a practical joke by Maecenas.

22. Extrema, &c.-cubet-"and recline at the opposite end of the couch," i.e., as far from you as she can.

EPODE IV.-Dicolos Distrophos: Metre--The Second Iambic, of which the first verse is an Iambic Trimeter, or Senarius, and the second an Iambic Dimeter, or Quaternarius; thus

SUBJECT-A lampoon on a pompous individual, who had risen during the civil wars from the rank of a slave to that of a wealthy military tribune.

On the authority of the Scholiasts, this Epode is generally understood to have been written against Menas, who is frequently referred to by Dion Cassius. See Notes, Ode iii. 16, 15.

In some editions it is inscribed to Vedius Rufus, but who he was is not known. It is supposed to have been written B.C. 18.

1. Lupis, &c. compede "there is as strong an aversion as falls by nature to the lot of wolves and lambs, on my part towards thee, O thou who hast been galled on the side by Spanish ropes, and on the legs by the hard fetter."

from the Porta Triumphalis to the capitol, and was a general place of resort for the idle, and for those who wished to display themselves to public view. Cp. Sat. i. 9, 1.

8. Cum bis trium ulnarum toga-"with a gown of twice three ells." Ulna is froin

3. Hibericis-funibus refer to a lash com- vn, which strictly denotes the Elbow, posed of ropes made of the spartum or Spanish broom. Peruste-Cp. Epist. i. 16, 47. but is frequently used in a more general 4. Dura compede-Among the Romans, sense for the arm. As a measure, like ell, the worst kind of slaves were compelled to it is of somewhat doubtful signification, work in fetters, as well in the ergastulum, since it appears to be sometimes taken for or workhouse, as in the fields. The follow-cubitus, ñs, the distance from the elbow ing cut, representing Saturn fettered like a galley slave, and leaning on a bidens, is from an ancient gem.

5. Licet, &c. - pecunia—"though thou shouldst strut along, proud of thy wealth." 7. Sacram metiente te viam-"while thou at pacing the Sacred Way," which led

to the top of the middle finger, about half a yard, and sometimes for gyva, a fathom. Here, if it refer to the breadth of the toga, it may be taken in the former sense; if to the length, in the latter. Cp. Epist. i. 18, 30, and Sat. ii. 3, 183. For the shape and adjustment of the toga, see Notes, Òde iii. 5, 10. For bis trium many editions give bis ter. The MSS. are said to give bis t. Wealthy fops were fond of appearing abroad in ample robes, as a mark of their opulence and rank. Cp. Cicero, Catil. ii. 10, Velis amicti, non togis.

9. Ut ora vertat (=avertat), &c.-indignatio?-"how the most undisguised displeasure turns away the faces of those who are passing hither and thither." This is

the meaning assigned to ora vertat by the scholiasts; but many explain it as ora convertat (in te) "turns against thee the looks." For huc et huc, see Notes, Epode 2, 31.

11. Sectus, &c.-fastidium-"this wretch (say they) cut with the rods of the Triumvirs, even to the loathing of the public

crier," whose duty it was to proclaim the crime of the offender while the punishment was inflicted. The Triumviri Capitales had the power of inflicting summary punishment upon slaves, prostitutes, and foreigners, at the Columna Mænia.

13. Arat-possidet-See Notes, Ode iii. 16, 26. Falerni-fundi-See Notes, Ode i. 20, 9. The ground between the vines was ploughed and sown with corn.

14. Et Appiam mannis terit-"and wears out the Appian Way with his horses," i.e., is constantly frequenting the Appian Way with his long train of equipage, between his Campanian estates and Rome. Mannis -See Notes, Ode iii. 27, 5.

16. Othone contempto-"in contempt of (or in spite of) Otho," since he was a military tribune, and entitled to the privileges of an eques. By the Lex Roscia of Lucius Roscius Otho, tribune of the people, B.C. 67, fourteen rows of benches, immediately behind the orchestra, where the Senate sat, were reserved for the Equites, and persons of Equestrian fortune, i.e., property to the value of 400,000 sesterces, or about £3333 of our money. This law was very unpopular, and led to a serious riot, which was quelled by the eloquence of Cicero, B.C. 63, and supposed to be alluded to by Virgil, En. i. 148-153.

17. Quid, &c.-militum-"to what purpose is it that so many beaked (lit. faces) prows of ships of heavy burden are sent against pirates and a band of slaves, while such a one as this is a tribune of the soldiers?" In other words, what is the use

EPODE V.-Dicolos Distrophos: Metre-The Second Iambic, of which the first verse is an Iambic Trimeter, or Senarius, and the second an Iambic Dimeter, or Quaternarius; thus

SUBJECT-A lampoon against a female whom the poet styles Canidia, and represents as a witch who, by the aid of three other hags, whom he calls by the fictitious names of Sagana, Veia, and Folia, seized, stripped, and imbedded in earth, up to the chin, a boy of noble birth, in order that, after he had been starved to death in sight of food, she might obtain from his sapless marrow and withered liver a philter, or love-potion, which in connection with other magical rites, would recall the affections of her faithless lover, Varus. The scene opens with the piteous exclamations and entreaties of the boy, who is supposed to be surrounded by the hags, and to read their cruel purpose in their looks. He conjures them to have compassion on him, by the tenderness of mothers for their children, by his birth, and by the justice of the gods; but after these have been found unavailing, he concludes the piece by uttering imprecations, and denouncing vengeance against them for their horrid cruelty. Cp. Epode 17, and Sat. i. 8, 14, &c.

Canidia is a fictitious appellation, and the person referred to is not known. The Scholiasts say her real name was Gratidia, and that she was a dealer in perfumes, at Naples (line 43); but Suburanae canes-"the dogs of the Suburra" (line 58), and Esquilinae alites "the vultures of the Esquiliae" (line 100), are sufficient to identify the scene with Rome.

Franke supposes it to have been written in 37, or in 36; and Grotefend in 30, B.C.

7. Per hoc, &c.-decus-"by this vain ornament of purple." Young men of family wore a gown bordered with purple, called the toga praetexta, until the age of 15 or 17, when they put on the toga virilis. See Notes, Ode i. 36, 9. The epithet inane ex-i, presses the disregard of Canidia for this