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were docende. Amiculus-"your dear little friend." The diminutive expresses affection. Cp. Catullus 30, 2, tui dulcis amiculi. It may here, however, be understood to refer also to the poet's diminutive stature. Ut si, &c-(tibi) velit—“even though he should be a blind guide desiring to show you the way." The poet here styles himself a caecus, a blind guide, in allusion to the

docendus adhuc.

5. Quod cures proprium fecisse-" which you may care to make your own." Proprium fecisse is here equivalent to in rem tuam vertere, or to appropriare in later Latin, the perfect being aoristically (ἀορίστως) for the present, like ποιῆσαι.

6. Primam somnus in horam -"sleep until the first hour," i.e., till after sunrise. See Notes, Sat. i. 5, 23, and vi. 101. The poet seems to say to his friend, that if he did not wish to rise like his neighbours at Rome, and salute his patron before sunrise, he should go to some out of the way place where his slumbers would not be disturbed by the noise of those who did. Cp. Martial iv. 12, 68, Matutine cliens, urbis mihi causa relictae Otia me somnusque juvant, quae magna negavit Roma mihi, and Juvenal, iii. 236, Rhedarum transitus Eri pient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis.

7. Si, &c.-caupona, implies that a poor man without a rich patron in the city, will have to submit to dust and noise, and to live in a tavern. Cp. Epist. i. 11, 12. Orelli remarks that strepitus is referred by some to the noise of the city by night, “per miram Basiav," as those who are asleep are not likely to be disturbed by the dust. The poet does not seem to be quite so critical, as he leaves the idea of noise to be suggested

by the sense of the preceding clause, and expresses it along with that of dust in this one to indicate that both are sufficiently disagreeable during the day. Caupona in the following line, like strepitus in this, is applicable to both night and day. Some consider that this clause, like line 52, &c., describes the inconveniences of a journey to the country. This view is inconsistent

with ire Ferentinum; the remedy for those who were unwilling to conform to the usages of the great city.

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| the observation of the world," ie., who has passed his days and died in obscurity. Cp. Epist. i. 18, 103. One of the maxims of Epicurus was λáte ßiwoas.

11. Si prodesse, &c.ad unctum—“i? however, you will feel disposed to be o service to your friends, and to treat yourself with a little more indulgence than ordinary, being poor you will go to one who is rich," i.e., if you want to be useful to your friends, and to indulge yourself more freely in the pleasures of life, make court to the great.

12 Siccus, when the reference is to drinking, is opposed to uvidus; in the case

of eating, to unctus. The uncti are those who fare sumptuously; sicci, such as are confined, from scanty_resources, to a spare and frugal diet. Cp. Epist. i. 15, 44.

13. Si pranderet, &c.—Aristippus-"if he could dine contentedly on herbs, Aristippus would not feel inclined to seek the society of kings." Horace, after laying it down as a maxim that every one ought to live according to his taste, introduces Diogenes, the founder of the Cynic sect, to oppose this decision, and condemn every species of indulgence. Pranderet - Cp. Sat. ii. 3, 245. Olus-Cp. Sat. ii. 1, 74.

14. Si sciret, &c.--notat is the reply of Aristippus. See Notes, Epist. i. 1, 18. Regibus-Such as Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse, and patron of Aristippus.

15. Qui me notat-"he who censures my conduct," alludes to Diogenes Notat properly refers to the branding of the censors. 18. Mordacem Cynicum sic eludebat—“he

thus baffled the snarling Cynic," i.e., he thus parried the Cynic's tooth. Eludere is a technical term with gladiators.

"I play the buffoon for my own advantage, 19. Scurror ego ipse mihi, populo tuyou to please the populace," ie., if I am a scurra, as you insinuate, I am so for a king who pays me for it; while you are one for the people, who leave you in indigence and contempt. See Notes, Epist. i. 18, 2. Hoc (quod ego facio)—" my conduct."

20. Equus, &c.-rex-Cp. the Greek ἵππος με φέρει, βασιλεύς με τρέφει.

21. Officium facio-"I but do my duty," as we are born in subjection to kings. Vilia rerum res viles-Cp. Sat. ii. 8, 83, and Ode iv. 12, 19. The person who receives an obligation is inferior for the time being to the person who bestows it, and that, too, in proportion to the mean

8. Ferentinum (Ferentino), a small quiet town in the hilly country of the Hernicans, forty-eight miles to the south-east of Rome. Torrentius applies it to a town of the same name near Viterbo, in Etruria; and Cap-ness of the favour he receives. martin de Chaupy to one at the foot of Mons Albanus. Some suppose that Scava had a villa in the neighbourhood of one or other of these places, but it is not known that he had so.

10. Nec, &c.-fefellit-"nor has he lived ill, who, at his birth and death, has escaped 130

22. Dante minor, quamvis fers te nullius egentem" though you pretend to be in want of no one." Fers-praedicas or jactas as in Virgil, Æn. v. 372. Nullius is here opposed to dante minor, and, therefore, masculine. It is neuter in Ars Poet., 324. 23. Omnis, &c.-res-" every complexion,

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EPISTLE I.-The remaining Epistles are on poets and poetry. This one is addressed to Augustus, and according to Suetonius, in his life of Horace, it is a reply to the following complaint on the part of the Emperor: Irasci me tibi scito, quod non in plerisque ejusmodi scriptis mecum potissimum loquaris. An vereris ne apud posteros tibi infame sit, quod familiaris nobis esse?

After a short eulogium on the government of Augustus, Horace proceeds to criticise the ancient poets of Greece and Rome, deprecating the partiality of his countrymen for ancient poetry, merely because it is ancient. While he praises poetry, and attempts a sketch of its history among the Romans, he disclaims all desire to shine in tragedy or comedy, and pleads in behalf of those who write for readers rather than spectators; commends Augustus for patronising Virgil and Varius; and concludes by alleging his incapacity as an excuse for not having made the splendid achievements of the Emperor the subject of his song. Supposed to have been written in B.C. 10, two years before the poet s death.

1. Cum-sustineas-" seeing you support (or uphold) the weight of." Negotia "occupations," here regarded as an onus. Solus-" alone," as if he had not assumed all the great offices of state, but had had them thrust upon him.

2. Res Italas-Cp. Ode iv. 15, 13, &c. Armis tuteris-Cp. Ode iv. 14, 43. Moribus ornes.-Cp. Ode iv. 5, 21, &c, and 15, 9, &c. For moribus, Bentley conjectures moenibus in the sense aedificiis magnificis, which is without authoritv. Leges and mores are similarly connected in Ode iii. 24, 25, and iv. 5, 22.

3. Legibus emendes-In this and the two preceding phrases are included all the benefits which a good ruler is able to confer on his subjects, except rewarding "those who do well."

4. Longo sermone-longa epistola. Since this is one of the poet's longest letters, some would have these words to refer merely to the introduction, as if they had never heard any who were going to say "only a few words," make long speeches. Morer-"I should take up." Cp. Epist. i 13. 17. Caesar concludes the introduction. 5. Romulus, Bacchus, Castor, Pollux,

alt-"Pacuvius bears away the character of the learned old poet, Accius of the sublime." Senis is applicable to both. Pacuvius-M. Pacuvius, a tragic poet, son of Ennius's sister, born at Brundusium, B.C 220, and the friend of C. Lælius. He produced his last play at Rome, in his eightieth year, and died at Tarentum, after having nearly completed his ninetieth. Docti"learned," in the Greek poets. Accius-L. Accius (or Attius), born B.C. 170, and lived till he saw C. Julius Cæsar Vopiscus, who was put to death in 87. Besides tragedies, he wrote Libri Didascalion. Cp. Sat. i. 10, 53, and Ars Poet., 258, &c.

57. Dicitur, &c.-Menandro-" the gown of Afranius is said to have fitted Menander" =Dicitur Afrani togam conventuram fuisse Menandro-"it is said that the gown of Afranius would have fitted Menander," i.e, the Roman Afranius is as great a poet as the Greek Menander. Afrani-L Afranius, a Roman comic poet, flourished about 94 B.C. The names and fragments of more than 40 of his dramas remain. Their immoral tendency is censured by Quintilian (x. 1, 100). Toga-Latin comic pieces, (comoediae or fabulae,) descriptive of Roman manners, and played in Roman dresses, were styled togatae; those on Greek manners, and played in Greek dresses, palliatae. Menandro-Menander, the most distinguished poet of the new comedy at Athens, was born in 342, and died in 291 B.C. He wrote above 100 plays, and appears to have been studied by Horace. See Notes, Sat. ii. 3, 11.

58. Plautus, &c--Epicharmi-" Plautus to hurry onward after the pattern of the Sicilian Epicharmus." Plautus T. Maccius Plautus, the most celebrated of the Roman comic poets, was born at Sarsina in Umbria, about 254, came to Rome at an early age, and died in 184 B.C., when Terence was nine years of age. He is said to have written more than 100 plays, 20 of which are extant. Properare is understood to indicate the liveliness of his style, and the rapidity with which his incidents hasten to the catastrophe. Cp. Ars Poet., 148. Epicharmi - Epicharinus, though born in Cos, about B.C. 540, is here styled Siculus, as he passed the most of his life in Sicily, first at Megara, and after its destruction in 484, at Syracus where he was patronized by Gelon and his successor Hiero. He was the chief comic poet among the Dorians, a pupil of Pythagoras, and the contemporary of Pindar and Eschylus, &c. He is said to have died at the age of 90 or 97, and composed 52 plays, of which the titles of 35 are extant. How far the present judgment of the critics is deserved can scarcely be determined, as 144

only a few fragments of his works have been preserved.

59. Vincere Caecilius gravitate, Terentius in skill." Caecilius-C. Cæcilius Statius, a arte-" Cæcilius to excel in dignity, Terence Roman comic poet, au Insubrian Gaul, a native of Mediolanum (Milan), by birth a slave, and an intimate friend of Ennius. His servile name was Statius, which seems to have been converted into a cognomen after he obtained his freedom. He was classed by his countrymen along with Plantus and Terence, and by Cicero placed at the head of his own department. The names of some 40 of his dramas have been prepalliatae. He died in 168, the year after served, all of which appear to have been Ennius, and two years before the representation of the Andria, which had been submitted to his judgment by the Ediles, at his commendation. the request of the author, and had received Terentius - P. Terentius Afer was born at Carthage in 195, and died in Arcadia in 159 B.C. He was by birth or purchase the slave of P. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman Senator. His servile name was Publius or Publipor, and on his manumission he assumed, as usual, the name of his master. He is the only one of the Roman comic poets, except Plautus, of whose works more than fragments have been preserved. all palliatae, and said to have been founded Six of his plays remain, principally on those of Menander. chief patrons were Lælius and the younger Scipio. He subsequently visited Greece, aud translated 108 of Menander's comedies. It is said that these were lost at sea on their way to Italy, and that grief for their loss occasioned their author's death. He is celebrated for the purity of his style, the elegance of his language, and skill in the construction of his plots.

His

60. Ediscit-"gets by heart." Areto stipata theatro-" crammed in the too nar row theatre." Though large in itself, the theatre was too confined for the immense crowds that flocked to witness the representation of his plays.

62. Livi-Livius Andronicus, the earliest Roman dramatist, was a Greek, and probably born at Tarentum, the year before Ennius. He was one of the prisoners taken by the Romans during their wars in Southern Italy, and became the slave of C. (or M.) Livius Salinator. He instructed the children of his master, and on his manumission assumed the name of Livius. Besides tragedies and comedies, he wrote s Latin Odyssey in Saturnian verse and hymns. The names and a few fragments of the dramas have been preserved; the rest have perished. Cicero (Brutus 18, 71) says they were not worthy of a second

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reading. His first play was acted in 240, | i.e., has happened unexpectedly to arrest and he is said to have died in 221 B.C. the attention.

63. Horace admits the reasonable pretensions of the ancient writers to admiration, if allowance is made for their "obsolete language, rude and barbarous construction, and slovenly composition."

66. Nimis antique (àgxaïxws) —"in too obsolete a manner." "Pleraque-permulta rather than plurima. Dure-in a rude and barbarous way."

67. Ignave" with a slovenly air," or "feebly."

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68. Mecum facit "agrees (lit., acts) with me. Jove judicat aequo (sibi) — "judges under the influence of just Jupiter," ie., fairly. As men were understood to derive their knowledge from the deity; they were said to judge well, when Jupiter was propitious to them; ill, when contrary. Cp. Sat. ii. 3, 8.

69. Non equidem, &c.—reor non equidem insector carmina Livi reorque (ea) esse delenda. Insector -"inveigh against." Delenda may refer to palimpsests. See Notes, Sat. ii. 3, 2.

70. Plagosum "flogging." Orbilius was an old soldier, and apparently a strict disciplinarian.

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78. Veniam-"indulgence." -summum applausum.

Honorem

79 Recte, &c. -dubitem"were I to doubt, whether Atta's drama moves amid the saffron and the flowers of the stage in a proper manner or not." Attae-Titus Quintius Atta, a Roman poet, of whom little is known, except that he died at Rome in B.C., 78, and was buried at the second milestone on the Praenestine road, and received the surname of Atta from a lameness, which gave him the appearance of a man walking on tip-toe. It is supposed that Horace here alludes to this personal deformity, and means to insinuate that the plays of Atta were as lame as their author. The Roman stage was sprinkled with perfumed waters, and sometimes strewed with flowers. Crocum-See Notes, Sat. ii. 4, 68. This passage shows the high reputation in which the dramas of Atta were held by the contemporaries of Horace. His comedies were togatae tabernariae.

81. Patres is here equivalent to seniores. Cp. line 85.

71. Orbilium-Orbilius Pupillus, a native of Beneventum, after receiving a good education. was, in consequence of the death of his parents, obliged to become an apparitor, or servant of the magistrates. He subsequently served as a soldier in Macedonia, and returned to open a school in his native town. He removed to Rome in the fiftieth year of his age, B C. 63, in the consulship of Cicero. As Horace was born in 65, Orbilius was probably above 69 when the poet became his pupil-an age before which all teachers ought to be able to retire on a competency. He lived till nearly a hundred years, and appears to have acted on thoroughly independent principles. He wrote a book which Suetonius (de Illustr. Gramm. 9, 19,) calls Perialogus; Oudendorp, Paeaagogus, and Ernesti, Periantalogus. He left a son, Orbilius, who continued the profession-in a practice, which the inadequate remuneration of teachers renders rather uncommon in our own day. A statue was erected to his memory in the capital of Beneventum. Dictare-See Notes, Sat. i. 10, 75, and Epist. i. 18, 13.

72. Exactis minimum distantia-"very little removed from perfection." Exactis

regaoμivors or dingngilwμivors, is properly applied to polished marble sta

tues.

73. Inter quae (carmina Livi). Verbum emicuit si forte decorum-"if any happy expression has chanced to shine forth,"

82. Quae, &c.-egit-"which the dignified Esopus, which the skilful Roscius have performed." Claudius Esopus and Q. Roscius were two distinguished actors of the day, the former tragic, and the latter comic. Cicero mentions both, but particularly the latter, who attained to such eminence in the histrionic art that his name became proverbial; and an individual that excelled any profession was styled a Roscius. 84. Minoribus is here equivalent to junioribus.

85. Perdenda-"deserving only of being destroyed."

86. Saliare Numae carmen-There were two colleges of Salii, each consisting of twelve priests. The Palatini, founded by Numa on the Palatine, in honour of Mars Gradivus, to take charge of the sacred ancilia (Notes, Ode i. 36, 12, and iii. 5, 10), marched through the city every year in the beginning of March, dancing sacred war dances, and chanting hymns called axamenta, which, according to Quintilian

-stultitiam patiuntur opes-"my riches admit of some indulgence in folly." Riches cannot justify the commission of folly, though it may perhaps prevent the owner from getting into debt.

30. Arcta, &c.-toga-"a scanty gown becomes a prudent dependant." Cp. Epode 4. 8. Comes here designates a man who attaches himself to some rich and powerful patron. Cp. Sat. ii. 5, 77. The precept is general, and does not apply merely to dress, but to buildings, table, equipage, &c. 31. Eutrapelus, &c.-pretiosa-The poet, to show his contempt of riches, subjoins the story of Eutrapelus, who was accustomed to bestow on those whom he wished to inJure, costly garments, that they might be gradually led away into habits of luxury and corruption. Eutrapelus (svrgários) "the rallier," was given to P. Volumnius, an acquaintance and an associate of M. Antonius, on account of his wit and pleasantry. Having forgotten to put his surname to a letter which he wrote to Cicero, the orator tells him that he fancied it came from Volumnius the senator, but was undeceived by the Eutrapelia (surgaría) the spirit and vivacity which it displayed. Cuicunque si cui comitum.

32. Dabat-The imperfect implies that Eutrapelus was then dead. Cp. Sat. i. 3, 3. Beatus enim jam (dixit Eutrapelus), &c. "for now (said he), a happy fellow in his own eyes," &c.

by the latter, who was rugged in manners, became silent." Amphion and Zethus were sons of Jupiter and Antiope, and of differ ent tempers. Amphion was fond of music, and Zethus delighted in flocks. Cp. Ode iii. 11, 2; Propertius, iii. 15, 20, and Statius, x. 443. This produced continual disputes between them, until Amphion, for the sake of harmony, renounced music.

46. Aetolis alludes to the famous boarhunt near Calydon, in Etolia, in which Meleager so greatly distinguished himself. Onerata plagis jumenta.-Cp. Epode 1, 6, 58.

47. Et inhumanae, &c.-Camenae-" and lay aside the peevishness of the unsocial muse," i.e., lay aside the peevish and morose habits which are superinduced by unsocial and secluded studies. Senium, which properly signifies the peevishness of age, is here taken in a general sense. menta laboribus empta "on the delicious 48. Pariter "along with him." fare purchased by your labours." Notes, Sat. ii. 2, 20.

49. Opus alludes to the hunt.

Pul

See

52. Adde, virilia quod speciosius arma, &c.—Adde, quod non est alius qui tractet virilia arma speciosius te. Speciosus may be rendered "more gracefully," and refers, in some degree, to the public exhibition made of one's skill.

53. Non est qui tractet-" there is no one who handles." See Notes, Ode i. 1, 3. Quo clamore coronae-"with what accla mations from the surrounding spectators!" Cp. Ars Poet., 381.

54. Sustineas-Cp. Epist. ii. 1, 1. Campestria-"in the Campus Martius." Cp. Ars Poet., 379. Saevam militiam-Cp. Ode iii. 2, 2.

35. Officium-"duty," to his patron. Cp. Epist. i. 17, 21 Nummos alienos pascet"he will feed other people's money," ie., he will enrich usurers and impoverish himself with their anutocismus. Nummos alienos aes alienum-"debt." Cp. Persius, Sat. v. 149, Quid petis? ut nummi, quos hic quincunce modesto Nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces? Doering treats pascet as if it were pascetur-" he will feed on other men's money," i.e., he will borrow money, and squander it in luxurious and riotous living. Ad imum=ad extremum-Notes,

"at last."

36. Thrax erit-"he will turn gladiator." See Notes, Sat. ii. 6, 44. Aut olitoris aget mercede caballum-"or he will drive a gar

dener's horse for hire."

37. Arcanum, &c.-ira-"you will not at any time pry into a secret of his, and will keep close what is entrusted to you, though tried by wine and by resentment,' i.e., and will let nothing be forced out of you either by wine or by anger at his conduct. Illius, refers to the wealthy patron.

38. Vino tortus-Cp. Ars Poet., 434. 39. Tua-studia-"your own diversions." 41. Gratia, &c.-lyra-"thus the friendship of the twin-brothers, Amphion and Zethus was broken, until the lyre, disliked

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55. Cantabrica bella-Cp. Epist. i 12, 26, and see Notes, Ode ii. 6, 2.

56. Duce alludes to Augustus.

Qui tem

plis Parthorum signo refigit nunc-"who is now taking down the Roman standards from the temples of the Parthians." See

Ode iv. 15, 6; i. 26, 3; and iii. 5. Phraates restored the Roman standards B.C.

20, Augustus being in Bithynia, and Tibe rius in Armenia, in the consulship of M. Appuleius and P. Silius Nerva Horace understood to fix the date of this Epistle. was then entering his 46th year. This is Refigit-Cp. Ode i. 28, 14.

57. Et si, &c.-armis-" and, if any thing to the Roman arms," i.e., to the prowess is wanting to universal empire, awards it of the Romans, not, "to the Romans by the power of his arms." Cp. Ode fL 13, 18 For armis, Bentley conjectures arvis.

58. Ac, &c.—absis—“ and that you may not withdraw yourself from such diversions, and stand aloof without excuse." Ac is joined with interdum, and the intermediate

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