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(lemnisci) frequently supplied the place of the strips of bast (philyrae), and, in either case, the loose ends (taeniae) were formed into an ornamental knot behind, as exhibited in three of the ancient crowns given below. See also Notes, Ode i. 17, 27.

3. Mitte sectari-"give over searching." Quo locorum in quibus locis.

4. Moretur-"lingers."

5. Nihil allabores sedulus curo (ut)-"I am particularly anxious that you do not toil to add anything." One MS. gives sedulus curae-"strive not with earnest care to add anything," sedulus curae being a Grecism for sedula cura. Allaborare is a ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, except in Epode 8, 20. 7. Arcta-umbrosa, or densa. Cp. i'aμ24.

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ROMAN GENERAL AND DACIAN-Montfaucon.]

BOOK II.

ODE I-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus

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Addressed to C. Asinius Pollio, probably in B. C. 29, when he seems to have been dividing his attention between composing tragedies and writing a history of the civil wars, in which for eleven years he had taken an active part.

SUBJECT-After showing the difficulties of treating such an extensive subject, Horace advises Pollio, till it was complete, to abandon tragedy, and after giving a glowing panegyric on such portions of the history as he had heard read, he concludes by depicting some of the horrors of civil war, and reminding his readers that his province is to seek "measures of a lighter strain."

Virgil dedicated two Eclogues to Pollio, the fourth in 40, and the eighth in 39, B.C.

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19 Cti publicas res fu hast completed thy c affairs" The phrase Cered when thou hast airs" Le, when, in th ative, thou hast brought try down to the pres ity and repose. With Darla, Lrke i. 1 11 Grande, &c.-coth resume thy great work ( Son of tragedies,) with th or it may mean, on to Athenian tra

pedition of Crassus against the Parthians.
and the unwise plans of Pompey and his
followers. Modos-"the operations."

1. Motum-civicum civile bellum, governed by tractas. Ex Metello consule-"from the consulship of Metellus." Pollio's history is said to have consisted of seventeen books, beginning with the formation of the first triumvirate, by Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, B c. 60, in the consulship of Q. Cæcilius, Metellus, Celer, and L. Afranius, which may well be considered as the origin of the civil wars that broke out in B. C. 50, between Cæsar and Pompey, and ended with the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra by Octavianus, at Actium, in 31.

3. Ludumque Fortunae "and the sport of Fortune," i.e., "and of the game that Fortune played." Gravesque principum amicitias-"and of the grievous confederacies of the chiefs," referring to the two triumvirates, the first in 60, by Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, and the second by Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, in 43 B.C.

2. Causas "the causes," such as the murder of Crassus, the death of Julia, and the ambition and rivalry of Cæsar and Pompey. Vitia "the errors," such as the ex

4. Arma, &c.-cruoribus-Referring prin-
cipally to the battle of Pharsalia in 48, of
Thapsus in 46, and of Munda in 45, in all of
which Pollio fought for Cæsar.

5. Nondum expiatis-Cp. Ode i. 2, 29.
6. Periculosae, &c.-aleae-"an under-

aru (o!avos ) of a t

with a cork sole sevel intended to give him a ed aspect on the stage. Snively for tragedy, a By See Ars Poet., 89. ibits the costume of tang robes slightly e of shewing the coth

zu a loose slipper, actors on the comic

Fal beneath.

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taking full of danger and of hazard," lit. "full of dangerous play." Opus is applied by some to the civil war itself. The metaphor is borrowed from the Roman games of chance.

8. Cineri-The dative put by a Grecism for the ablative.

9. Paulium, &c.-theatris-"let the Muse of stern tragedy be absent for a while from our theatres," i.e., suspend for a season thy labours in the field of tragic composition. Cp. Sat. i. 10, 42, and Virg. Ecl. 8, 10. The muse of tragedy is Melpomene. Cp. Notes, Ode i. 24, 3.

12. Cecropio Attico, and alluding to Ce crops as the founder of Athens, and to Thespis as the father of Greek tragedy.

13. Insigne, &c. reis- "distinguished source of aid to the sorrowful accused," as an advocate.

14. Consulenti-curiae-"to a deliberating senate," as a statesman. Cp. Livy, xxi. 16; Virg. Æn. xi. 335; and Sall. Cat. 52. Some supply te after consulenti, and translate "to the senate asking thy advice;" but it was the duty of the consul, or presiding magistrate, to ask the opinions of the individual senators (consulere senatum).

16. Dalmatico-triumpho-Pollio triumphB.C. 39, over the Parthini, an Illyrian race, in the vicinity of Epidamnus, after having taken Salonæ, the capital of Dalmatia.

10 Ubi publicas res ordinaris-"when thou hast completed thy history of our pub-ed, lic affairs." The phrase may also be rendered, "when thou hast settled our public affairs," i.e., when, in the order of thy narrative, thou hast brought the history of our country down to the present period of tran quillity and repose. With ordinaris compare ἀνατάξασθαι, Luke i. 1.

17. Jam nunc minaci, &c.-The poet fancies himself listening to Pollio, and hurried by his animated and graphic periods into the midst of combats. For cornu and lituus, see Notes, i. 1, 23.

19. Fulgor, &c.-vultus-"the flashing of arins frightens the flying steeds and spreads alarm over the countenances (lit. frightens the countenances) of their riders." In this passage there is probably an allusion to the battle of Pharsalia, where Pompey's cavalry fled when they heard Cæsar's memorable

11. Grande, &c.-cothurno-"thou wilt resume thy great work (viz., the composition of tragedies,) with the Cecropian buskin," or it may mean, "thy great contribution to Athenian tragedy." The cothurnus (xologvos) of a tragic actor was a boot with a cork sole several inches thick, and intended to give him a stately and dig-orders, "feri faciem." nified aspect on the stage. It is often put figuratively for tragedy, as soccus for conedy. See Ars Poet., 89. The following cut exhibits the costume of a tragic actor, with his long robes slightly curtailed for the purpose of shewing ti.e cothurnus.

The soccus, a loose slipper, worn by women and actors on the comic stage, is represented beneath.

21. Audire, &c,-sordidos-" already methinks (videor mihi) I hear the shout of mighty leaders, stained with no inglorious dust."

23. Et cuncta, &c.- Catonis-"and see the whole world subdued, except the unyielding soul of Cato," who is usually styled Cato Uticensis, from having killed himself at Utica, B.C. 46, rather than yield to Cæsar. See Notes, Ode i. 12, 35. Cuncta (loca) terrarum cunctas terras.

25. Juno was one of the tutelary deities of Africa, and offended with the Romans as the descendants of Eneas. Cp. Ode iii. 3, 32, and Virg. Æn. i. 15. Deorum quisquis"whosoever of the gods," i.e., "all the gods who." Amicior Afris-"more friendly to the inhabitants of Africa" than to the Romans.

26. Inulta cesserat (=excesserat) impotens tellure-"had helplessly left the land unavenged," namely after the Jugurthine war. Cp. Virg. Æn. ii. 351. Some consider impoters-impotens irae--"unable to control their anger," as in Ode iii. 30, 3.

27. Victorum, &c.-Jugurthae-"in their turn offered the grandsons of the conquerors as a sacrifice to the manes of Jugurtha," at Thapsus, where, on the side of Pompey alone, ten thousand are said to have perished. Re here implies retaliation, and is long in the contracted perfects, reperit, repulit, and retulit. Jugurtha is thought to

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be here referred to in compliment to the Jugurtha of Sallust, which had then recently appeared.

29. Pinguior-made richer than it was before." Cp. Virg. Geo. i. 491.

30. Impia proelia-"our unnatural conflicts," i.e., our civil wars.

31. Auditumque, &c.— ruinae —“and of the downfall of Italy, heard even by the Parthians." See Notes, Ode i. 2, 51, and i 36, 4.

33. Observe the climax: gurges - - pool, Alumina-rivers, mare-sea, ora-shore.

34. Dauniae caedes-"Daunian slaughters," and hence "Roman blood." Dauniae =Apulae or Apulicae, and here ouvexdoxixas, for Romanae. See Notes, Ode i. 22, 14.

35. Decoloravere-De frequently reverses, here it increases the signification of the primitive, as in Ode i. 3, 13; 9, 11; il 7, 24; iii. 3, 55, &c.

37, Sed &c.-naeniae-"but do not, wayward muse, abandon sportive themes, and naeniae refers to Simonides, the famous resume the task of the Cæan dirge." Ceae bard of Ceos, who was distinguished as a writer of mournful elegy.

39. Dionaeo sub antro-"in a grotto sacred to Venus." Dione was the mother of Venus, whence the epithet Dionaeus applied to the latter goddess and what concerned her.

40. Leviore plectro-" of a lighter strain." See Notes, Ode i. 26, 11, and i. 1, 34.

ODE II.-Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Lesser Sapphic, of which the three first verses are Lesser Sapphic, and the fourth an Adonian; thus

1-3.

4.

or

or ~ ~ | — — | ~~~|~~|-~

Written probably in B.C. 24, soon after the restoration of Phraates to the throne of Parthia, and addressed to C. Sallustius Crispus, the grand-nephew and heir of the historian, and the individual who became the principal adviser of Augustus after the fall of Mæcenas.

SUBJECT-A panegyric on Sallustius and the moderate enjoyment of riches. This may be taken as a douceur for Sat. i. 2, 48, which was written several years before.

1. Nullus argento color-"silver has no brilliancy." Avaris is by some taken as an adj. with terris, and by others absolutely, i.e., "by the covetous "ab avaris. The latter destroys the allusion to Sallust's copper mines in the Alpes Centronicae, probably the Little St Bernard.

2. Inimice, &c.—usu-"thou foe to wealth, unless it shine by moderate use." Lamnae (for laminae) properly denotes plates of gold or silver, i.e., coined money, or wealth in general. See Notes, Ode i. 36, 8.

3. Crispe Sallusti-This inversion of the name, as in Ode ii. 11, 2, is common in Tacitus. 5 Extento-aevo-"to distant ages." Proculeius-C. Proculeius Varro Muræna, a Roman knight, and the intimate friend of Augustus. He is here praised for having shared his estate with his two brothers, Cæpio and Murena, who had lost all their property for siding with Pompey in the

civil wars.

6. Notus, &c.-paterni-" well known for his paternal affection towards his brothers." Notus animi is a poetic expression for notus

propter animum.

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11. Uterque, &c.—(tibi) uni-"both the Carthaginians (i.e., the inhabitants of Old and New Carthage, or of Africa and Spain,) were subject to thee alone."

13. Crescit, &c.-hydrops-"the direful dropsy increases by self-indulgence." Cp. Ovid, Fast. i. 215. Hydrops is derived from dwp and 4, from the pallid watery appearance which it gives to the countenance. The context affords a beautiful simile between avarice and dropsy, though it is nature of the disease. The poet concludes founded upon a misconception as to the that virtue and self-control alone are able to make a man happy.

15. Aquosus-languor-"the watery torpor," for languida aqua—“the torpid wa

ter."

17. Cyri solio-"to the throne of Cyrus," ie., to the throne of Parthia See Notes, Ode i. 2, 22. Phraaten-Phraates IV., expelled B.C. 30, and restored by the king of the Scythians in 28. See Notes, Ode i. 26, 5.

18. Dissidens plebi-" dissenting from the crowd." The um at the end of the verse is elided before the vowel at the commencement of the next, as in Ode ii. 3, 27, and 16, 34. Populumque, &c.—vocibus—" and (lit. unteaches the populace to use) teaches the populace to disuse false names for things."

22. Propriamque laurum-"and an en

during laurel," ie., a laurel that will remain | his own. Cp. Virg. Æn. iii. 85.

23. Oculo irretorto-"with a steady gaze,"

ie., without an envious look. Cp. obliquo, Epist. i. 14, 37.

24. Acervos (auri)-Cp. Sat. i. 1. 44.

ODE III.-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus

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It is uncertain when this ode was written, and whether the Dellius to whom it is addressed is the one who was succesively the follower of Dolabella, Cassius, Antony, and Octavianus, and who, in allusion to his fickleness, was humorously styled by Messala Corvinus," desultor bellorum civilium.”

SUBJECT The duty of equanimity and the moderate enjoyment of life enforced, by the certainty of death.

13 Nimium brevis-rosae-"of the too short-lived rose."

2. Non secus (ac), &c.-Delli-" as well as one restrained from immoderate joy in prosperity, O Dellius! (lit. being about to die,) since thou art destined to die." 5. Seu-"whether," depends upon mori-"youth." ture.

14. Ferre jube-"give orders to bring." 15. Res "circumstances." Aetas Sororum - The Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos.

17. Coëmptis-"bought up on all sides." Domo villaque-"thy house in town, and thy country seat," convenient y situated on the Tiber. 18. Flavus-Tiberus-See Notes, Ode i. 2,

13.

19. Exstructis in altum-"piled up on

6. In remoto gramine-"in a secluded meadow.' Dies Festos-Days among the Romans were distinguished into three general divisions-the Dies Festi, Dies Profesti, and Dies Intercisi. The Dies Festi, "Holy days," were consecrated to religious purposes; the Dies Profesti were given to the common business of life; and the Dies In-high." tercisi were half-holidays, divided between sacred and ordinary occupations. The Dies Fasti, on the other hand, were those on which it was lawful (fas) for the Prætor to sit in judgment. All other days were called Dies Nefasti, or "Non-court days.' The two latter are thus described in Ŏvid, Fast. i. 47: Ille Nefastus erit per quem Tria Verba silentur; Fastus erit per quem lege licebit agi. 7. Bearis, for beaveris-"thou mayest have enjoyed."

8. Interiore nota Falerni-" with old Falernian," the older species being, of course, further in the cellar than the new, which had been put in later. Nota has reference to the titulus on the amphora, indicating the age and species of the wine, and may here be translated "sort," or more literally, "stamp." See Notes Ode i. 37, 6.

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some

9. For quo-"to what purpose,' read quid "why," others qua-"where," putting a comma after Falerni, and omitting the point of interrogation.

21. Divesne, &c.-Orci-"it matters not whether thou dwellest beneath the light ot heaven, rich, and descended from old Inachus, or poor, and of the lowest birth, (eris) thou wilt become the victim of unrelenting Orcus." The expression prisco natus ab Inacho is equivalent to antiquissima stirpe ortus, Inachus having been, according to the common account, the most ancient king of Argos.

25. Omnes eodem cogimur-"we are all driven to the same place," i.e., to the domains of Orcus, by Mercury, Yuxaywyós. Omnium, &c.-cymbae-"the lots of all are shaken in the urn, destined sooner or later to come forth, and place us in the bark (of Charon) for an eternal exile." here alluded to is that held by Necessity in the lower world. Cp. Ovid, Met. x. 32.

The urn

27. The um of aeternum is elided, as in Ode ii. 2, 18.

28. Cymbae-The dative by a Grecism, for in cymba. The following is a represen

10. Consociare amant (1λoão, solent)tation of a cymba, or small boat. "love (or are wont) to unite in forming." Cp. Ode iii. 16, 9, and Sat. i. 4, 87.

11. Quid, &c.-rivo?-"why does the running water strive to ripple in the winding stream?" Surely, implies the poet, it is meant that we should enjoy ourselves on its shady bank. Trepidare has the same meaning in Epist i. 10, 24.

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