Knowledge and Reality: An Essay in Positive PhilosophySpringer Science & Business Media, 31. 3. 1998 - 222 strán (strany) XIV The stability of a philosophical construction will depend not only upon the solidity of the blocks, of the pillars and architraves that make it up, but also upon the way in which all these parts are connected. Of course, it will not be possible to argue for every single part of a philosophical building: to do so would mean to embark in a virtually endless enterprise. Accordingly, some of the parts of a philosophical building will have to be taken from the literature on the subject as 'ready made' or 'semi-finished' elements, while others will be argued for in the course of building. This is what happened in my work too. In some cases (for in stance, in the case of epistemic relativism), my concern was to illustrate theses which I believed to be sufficiently consolidated, rather than to ar gue for them. In other cases - where I was directly engaged in building the theory that I want to fonnulate - I did exactly the opposite. This is what I have tried to achieve, for example, for those proper architraves of my construction, viz. the connection between scepticism and metaphysi cal realism. and the thesis of the nonnative value of the fundamental epistemological notions (truth, objectivity, and rationality). |
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CHAPTER IPOSITIVISMS OLD AND | 9 |
beyond verifiability | 26 |
CHAPTER IIEPISTEMIC RELATIVISM APRIORISM NEOEMPIRICISM | 34 |
3 | 48 |
Apriorism neoempiricism and new philosophy of science | 58 |
The strong thesis of the theoretical character of observation | 64 |
The weak thesis of the theoretical character of observation | 70 |
The possibility of empirical testing | 83 |
The draw between metaphysical realism and antirealism | 130 |
Relativism scientism and antimetaphysics | 139 |
truth and objectivity as regulative | 147 |
The empiricist overcoming of incommensurabilitys threat to objec | 151 |
Scientific knowledge positivism and antimetaphysics | 160 |
SCEPTICISM SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY PHILOSOPHY | 171 |
Immanence and transcendence of reason | 177 |
between descriptivism and normativism | 186 |
Transcendental criticism scepticism and metaphysical realism | 99 |
The matter of knowledge Empiricist and realist objections to transcen | 106 |
realism | 113 |
Empirical success and truth Critique of convergent realism | 124 |
Conclusion | 195 |
209 | |
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absolute analysis analytic and synthetic arguments aspects assertions axiological basis believe Carnap Cassirer characterised cognitive activity cognitive claims cognitive value components conceptual scheme connected considered constitute criticism critique cultural depend distinction Duhem empiricism empiricist entail entities epistemic conditions epistemic relativism epistemological evaluation experience expressions fact Feyerabend formulation historical hypotheses and theories idea idealism induction internal realism interpretation judgements justification Kant Kant's Kantian knowledge Kuhn language laws linguistic logical meaning meaningfulness metaphysical realism methodological natural ontological attitude neo-Kantian neopositivism neopositivist Neurath notion objectivism observation sentences ontological Parrini particular perspective phenomena philosophy of science physics Poincaré point of view Popper positive philosophy positivism possible predicates presuppositions Preti problem Putnam question Quine Quine's rationality reality reason reductionism reference Reichenbach rejection relative relativist scepticism Schlick scientific and cognitive scientific realism sense specific statements structure synthetic a priori thesis tion transcendent transcendental truth and objectivity validity verifiability principle