and Hor. Ep. i. 18. 111, 112 Sed satis est orare Iovem qui ponit et aufert: Det vitam, det opes; aequum mi animum ipse parabo.

365, 366. The same verses are repeated, xiv. 315, 316. For the thought, cf. unusquisque facere se beatum potest, Sen. Cons. ad Helv. v; and again errant qui aut boni aliquid nobis aut mali iudicant tribuere Fortunam. On the power of Fortune, see Vell. Pat. i. Quam sit assidua eminentis Fortunae comes invidia, &c. Ammian is full of allusions to her power. Cf. xiv. 6 § 3; xxii. 9 § 1; xxvi. 8 § 13. Cf. Quintilian, vi. prooem. Frustra mala omnia ad crimen Fortunae religaNemo nisi sua culpa diu dolet.

mus.

365. nullum. 'You, Fortune, have no power, if only we have foresight it is we who make you a goddess.' Bit for sit nobis is Jahn's reading. P reads abest, i. e. 'prudence is as good as all the powers of Heaven.' Heinrich reads si adsit, which would give the sense required.

SATIRE XI.

ON THE VICE OF GLUTTONY.

THIS Satire is directed against the vice of gluttony and the expenditure which it entails. It should be compared with Horace, Satires ii. 2. It naturally falls into two parts; the first (1-55) containing general remarks about gluttony: the second consisting of an invitation to a simple country meal, which shall form a contrast to the luxury displayed by the better class of the Romans of Juvenal's day.

Ribbeck holds 11. 1-55 to be the work of an imitator, and thinks that they are probably the work of the same hand that wrote the introduction, to Satire iv.

This Satire appears to belong to the later period of Juvenal's life. He speaks of his wrinkled skin; and he is evidently living in the country, for he tells his guest that he may bathe when he likes without regard to fashion, and describes himself as waited on by country boys. In the list of country towns eligible as residences which Juvenal gives in Satire iii. five out of seven are in the way to or near Aquinum. These are Gabii, Praeneste, Sora, Fabrateria, and Frusino. Of the other two Tibur is the place near which he had a farm, and only Volsinii is in quite another direction. The probability is that he was at this time in villeggiatura, in some neighbourhood like that of Praeneste, where he could easily get supplies from his Tiburtine farm and receive the visits of Roman friends.

ARGUMENT.

The whole talk of the town is Rutilus, who, not having measured his gluttony by his means, is about to turn gladiator, though his age would fit him for the army, ll. 1-8. There are hosts of men who live only to eat and who live better than their creditors, though the chinks in their shattered fortunes already let in the light. From pawning their plate and breaking up their mother's silver bust they come down to the arena, 11. 9-19. It is disastrous when a man does not know who he is, what marriage he can aspire to, whose cause he can venture to plead, or how much he can dare to eat, 11. 19-38. For when your belly has swallowed up investments and plate and land and live stock, what remains but an old age more terrible than death? 11. 38-45. The ruin begins with borrowing money; it ends in levanting, which does not cost a blush, and only brings regret because the absconder has to miss the amusements of Rome, ll. 46-55.

You will find out, Persicus, when you come to dine with me to-day and are welcomed as Hercules and Aeneas were by Evander, whether all my praise of simple diet is hypocrisy, 11. 56-63. You will get no city entrées, but a sucking kid with mountain asparagus and eggs warm from the hay by the side of the hens that laid them, and grapes kept fresh for months, and apples and pears mellowed by keeping, 11. 64-76.

Such was once a splendid feast for our nobles when Curius supped off pot herbs which a ditcher of to-day with memories of the eating-house would disdain, ll. 77-81. Then a chine of bacon was kept for feast-days, to be supplemented perhaps from a sacrifice, and the ex-consul or dictator would quit his work betimes to go to it with his spade across his shoulder, 11. 82-89. Then, when the nation's foes and even the magistrate's colleagues trembled before him, it was no matter of serious concern to get a large tortoise-shell for a couch, but an ass's head in bronze was the head-piece of the bed. Food and furniture were well matched, 11. 9099. Then the soldier, with no taste in art, broke up the goblets fashioned by great craftsmen to hammer on an ornament for his horse's trappings or his helmet, and the spoils glittered over the foe's face, 11. 100-107. These men, whom you may be justified in envying, supped off Tuscan pottery; but their earthenware Jupiter watched over them, and the majesty of the holy places surrounded them, 11. 108-116. Then the tables were of native wood, windfalls; but now the broad panels are borne up by carved ivory, and silver is of no account, ll. 117-127. Be warned that at my house you will find only knives with bone-handles, and the slave who carves will not have learned the art on wooden models, aud cannot even steal dexterously, 11. 129-144. A country boy, whom you will have to address in honest Latin, will serve you with drink. The boy with his hair cut short and combed straight will be taken from country life and sighing for his mother and her goats; he is no page such as great men love. The wine he hands you will come 214

from the same hills as himself, Il. 145-161. Expect no dancing girls, such as married women of to-day endure to look at, ll. 162–170. It takes a fortune to excuse these accompaniments, ll. 171-178. But you shall hear recitations from the Iliad or the Aeneid, 11. 179-182.

But now put business aside and prepare for a whole day's idleness, without thought of the money-market or conjugal or household troubles or ungrateful friends, ll. 183-192. To-day the shout of games will go up, and I seem to hear that green has won; for if this shout were not borne on the wind Rome would be wailing. Leave this to the young man and his lady-love, 11. 193-202. Be it ours to sun ourselves and to bathe, enjoying these simple pleasures the more because we so seldom get them, Il. 203-208.

1. Atticus may refer to T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend of Cicero, who was very rich. Cornelius Nepos, Life of Atticus, v. § 14, tells us that he inherited two large fortunes. Nepos says of him that omnibus optimis rebus usus est (§ 13). On the other hand he adds that he was elegans, non magnificus; splendidus, non sumptuosus, so that others have thought of Ti. Claudius Atticus, father of the celebrated rhetorician Herodes Atticus, who discovered a treasure in his house. In any case Atticus stands for the typical millionaire.

lautus, 'refined,' joined with elegans and exquisitum, Cic. Pis. xxvii. § 67.

2. Rutilus, a poor but extravagant character of the day: see Sat.

xiv. 18.

3. pauper. 'A poor man playing Apicius gets laughed at, and a Rutilus is even more the gossip of the town'; for Apicius cf. Sat. iv. 23. He poisoned himself because he had only 10,000,000 sesterces.

4. convictus. A general word for 'lounge. Convictus were réunions of friends generally; coteries, clubs rather with reference to the personnel than to the locality where they met; stationes refers rather to the place in which they met: cf. Quintil. vi. 3 § 27 in convictibus et cotidiano sermone; so Senec. ad Helv. xv. § 2 loca gratulationum et convictuum.

The thermae are baths including large gymnasia, after the model of the Greek thermopolia or public tap-rooms, where hot drinks were sold cf. viii. 168. For the thermae of Rome see Lanciani, p. 89. At the end of the third century Rome numbered eleven large public thermae and 926 smaller ones, conducted under private enterprise. They were huge clubs where every kind of amusement was provided. A programme of the distribution of service in the thermae of Caracalla on April 19th, A.D. 226, was discovered in 1881, for which see Lanciani,

u. s.

stationes are such places of public resort as the taberna of the tonsor, the Greek λéoxa: cf. Plin. Ep. i. 13. 2, id. ii. 9. 5.

5. de Rutilo. The ellipse of the verb is common when 'the situation' supplies the context, as in English: cf. 'whereat the maiden petu

lant (said),' Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette: cf. Crassus verbum nullum contra gratiam, Cic. Att. i. 18 § 6.

iuvenalia: this form of the word lays stress on strength and lusti ness as incident to youth in contrast to its giddiness and immaturity, which are denoted by iuvenilis: cf. Verg. Aen. v. 475 iuvenali in corpore vires. The form iuvenalis probably owes its origin to the analogy

of such forms as feralis, mortalis.

6. sufficiunt galeae: cf. viii. 170-1, praestare Neronem Securum valet haec aetas. 'He might have donned the casque and gone to the front.' fertur, 'tis the common gossip.'

It seems more

7. Some editors understand tribuno of the emperor, who enjoyed, as one of his honorary functions, the tribunicia potestas. natural to understand it of the tribune who, if a citizen like Rutilus went bankrupt, had the right (cognitio extraordinaria) to hear the appeal of the creditors. Indeed it seems likely that he might decide upon the question whether such a bankrupt should lose his freedom or no. In this case it seems the tribune, feeling that the special office of the tribunicia potestas was to guard the functions of a Roman citizen, did not indeed let matters go so far, but permitted him graciously to sell himself to the lanista. prohibere was the technical term of intercessio on behalf of a Roman citizen. See Aul. Gell. vi. 19. 5. Cf. Mart. v. 48. 1, 2 secuit nolente capillos Encolpus domino, nec prohibente

tamen.

8. scripturus leges. The technical term for a gladiator's binding himself to a lanista is sese auctorare; leges scribere is the technical term for signing a contract: see Friedländer ii. 238. The gladiator had to take an oath binding himself to submit uri vinciri verberari ferroque necari if his master deemed it right. The drill was very severe; and refractory slaves sold by their masters to the lanista made up a large proportion of the school. Gladiators as such were infames. Seneca, who almost alone among Roman philosophers held the gladiatorial games to be wrong, speaks of lanistae as the lowest trade imaginable, Ep. lxxxvii § 13. See Hor. Sat. ii. 7. 58, and Ep. i. 18. 36.

10. The creditor goes, where he would most likely find the debtor, to the market, which was surrounded by a barrier. The macellum was one of the stationes most frequented by loungers; for a list of these see Plautus, Amphit. iv. 1. 3 omnes plateas perreptavi gymnasia et myropolia; Apud emporium atque in macello, in palaestra atque in foro, In medicinis, in tonstrinis apud omnes aedes sacras.

11. Cf. Sen. Ep. lxxxix. § 21 Ad vos transeo, quorum profunda et insatiabilis gula hinc maria scrutatur, hinc terras.

12. egregius is a comparative form, as if formed from egrex. See Draeger, vol. i. p. 27 sqq. The sense is quo quisque horum miserior est et citius casurus, eo melius cenat.

13. perlucente. The metaphor is from state that the light shines through its cracks. the day even now looks through the ruin.'

a building in such a ruined And on the eve of his fall: ruina is here used for the 216

building ready to fall as in Plin. Ep. xxxiii. § 4 flumina ad lavandam hanc ruinam iugis montium ducere. Its common meaning is the fall' of a building. Cf.

'The soul's dark cottage, shattered and decayed,

Lets in new light through chinks that time has made.'

14. interea, 'in the short respite.'

Waller.

gustus is the abstract taste' put for the concrete tasteful morsels.' Cf. the use of the word in Martial, xi. 32 Gustu protinus has edes in ipso: cf. too lii. 12, Seneca Ep. cxiv. 18 gustum tibi dare volui, 'I wished to give you a choice specimen.'

elementa per omnia. Through air, earth and water': cf. Sen. Controv. praef. Quidquid avium volitat, quicquid piscium natat, quidquid ferarum discurrit, nostris sepelitur ventribus.

16. For the present subj. in the protasis followed by the present indic. in the apodosis cf. Roby § 1574. The expression is really elliptical, Were you to look closer (you would find that) the greater price paid, the greater is the pleasure.' For the sentiment cf. Horace, Sat. ii. 2. 19 non in caro nidore voluptas Summa, sed in te ipso est; cf. too Petron. 93 Ales Phasiacis petita Colchis Atque Afrae volucres placent palato Quod non sunt faciles. Cf. too Sen. ad Helv. ix; Martial xiii. 76, on a bird called Rusticula (perhaps a rail), Rustica sim an perdix quid refert, si sapor idem est: Carior est perdix ; sic sapit ille magis.

17. ' And so,' i. e. since their sole motive for living is their appetite, ''tis a light matter for them to conjure up a sum to waste.' haud difficile est means they have no scruples' in getting the needful cash in this way. Cf. Sat. iii. 31 Quis facile est aedes conducere, &c. perituram: cf. i. 18 periturae parcere chartae.

-18. oppositis, 'pawned.' Cf. Catullus' well-known pun (xxvi.) on his villa opposita. From the meaning of to'lay down as a stake in a wager' (Plaut. Curc. ii. 3.77 Pono pallium : ille suum anulum opposuit) the meaning develops of to 'pawn' or 'pledge'; cf. Terence, Phorm. iv. 3. 56 ager oppositust pignori ob decem minas. imagine. Pliny, H. N. xxxv. § 2 (ad init.) complains that in his time the preservation of family portraits by painting the imagines so as to preserve the likeness had died out : brazen shields are set up as memorials, and silver faces indistinctly recalling features: the picture galleries are stuffed with old pictures, and reverence is paid to the effigies of strangers: they deem that the effigies have no value except their actual worth; ut frangat heres, furis detrahat laqueus.

19. condire,' to season his extravagant delf,' a satiric oxymoron.

20. miscillanea, 'the hotch-potch of the gladiator's school.' The Scholiast tells us that this was the name given to the gladiator's diet, ideo, quia omnia quae apponuntur illis miscent et sic manducant; cf. Pliny xviii. § 72 gladiatorum cognomine qui hordearii vocabantur. If they became gladiators they would at least get plenty to