green 'faction'; four chariots ran, each being distinguished by its own colour. For the passion displayed at these contests Gibbon should be consulted, chap. xl. The 'green' was also called prasinus.

The spectators in Rome under the empire did not concentrate their interest on the combatants on account of their country, as in Greece, nor on the horses or their riders or drivers from personal interest, as in England; but the whole interest was bound up in the success of the Factiones, or parties in the Circus. As there was no room for political interest or political ambition under the empire, this was the one object of interest which could safely engross the attention of the whole population of Rome, from emperor to slave. Different emperors espoused different factions: Vitellius and Caracalla, the Blue; Caligula, Nero, Domitian, L. Verus, Commodus, Elagabalus, the Green-which was also the faction patronised by Martial, vi. 46 and xi. 33. The student should read carefully Friedländer, vol. ii. p. 328 sqq., on the whole question of the Factiones; he cites all the literature, including the inscriptions, bearing upon the subject.

viridis. Caligula actually dined in the green stable: Suet. Cal. 55.

panni. Plin. Ep. ix. 6: If the spectators were attracted by the speed of the horses or by the skill of the men, there would be some reason in their interest: nunc favent panno, pannum amant.'

199. si deficeret, sc. viridis or prasinus. The Scholiast explains 'deficeret,' si vinceretur prasinus. This meaning is unusual, and seems to be derived from such expressions as deficere viribus, &c. For the fact cf. Cassiod. Ep. iii. 51 Transit prasinus: pars populi maeret: precedit venetus, et potior pars civitatis affligitur; cf. Sen. ad Pol. xxxiv. § 5 totum exercitum non solum maestum sed etiam attonitum.

200. A great wind rose at Cannae and blew the dust in the faces of the Romans: cf. Livy xxii. 43 ad fin. Prope eum vicum (Cannas) Hannibal castra posuerat aversa a Vulturno vento (S. E.), qui campis torridis siccitate nubes pulveris vehit. The panic at Rome after Cannae was proverbial: cf. timor qui Hannibale post Cannas moenia circumsidente lectoris percutit animum, Sen. de Ira, ii. 2 § 25; and again v. § 3.

201. 216 B. C., L. Aemilius Paullus, who fell at Cannae, and C. Terentius Varro, who survived and was publicly thanked by the senate for not having despaired of the State.

202. sponsio and adsedisse, being placed co-ordinately, show how intimately the infinitive is connected with a substantive: cf. Hor. Ep. i. 7. 25-28. Sponsio is properly a law term, Cic. pro Quinct. 8 30. The litigant parties deposited a sum, and he who was cast (cadebat) in the suit lost the money to the winner; it was then used generally of a bet, as in Mart. xi. 1. 15, 16 cum sponsio fabulaeque lassae De Scorpo fuerint et Incitato. The term for 'to propose a bet to' is sponsione provocare: cf. Petron. lxx. ad fin., Ovid, Art. Am. i. 168, and Tertull. de Spectac. § 16.

203. The Italians have a proverb, when the sun does not come in the doctor does.' contracta cuticula, as already shrunk with years. 'Let my shrunk skin absorb the vernal sun': cf. Mart. x. 12. 7 I precor et totos avida cute combibe soles. It was thought healthy for all, especially for the old, to bask in the morning sun, after rubbing the body with oil cf. Cic. ad Att. vii. 11. 1 Unam mehercule tecum apricationem in illo Lucretino tuo sole malim quam omnia istiusmodi regna; cf. too de Senect. xvi. 57 Ubi potest illa aetas (senectus) calescere apricatione melius? Cuticula, with long i, as in canīcula.

204. 'Here you may go to the bath as early as II o'clock, instead of at 2 p. m,': cf. Martial xi. 52. 3.

effugiatque togam. For the toga was regarded as a necessary garb for the games; cf. Lampridius, Vita Commodi § 16 Iussit spectatores non togatos ad munus convenire contra consuetudinem. It was troublesome, heavy, hot, and in some cases expensive; constantly complained of as one of the plagues of life at Rome, especially as affecting the clientes. For the expense cf. Mart. ix. IOI. 1, 2 Denariis tribus invitas, et mane togatum Observare iubes atria, Basse, tua. It was the robe of ceremony of every kind, and though under the empire its use came to be more and more restricted to the clientes, the toga was still spoken of as the ordinary dress of a Roman citizen; so Mart. advises Crispinus to try and look like one of his fellow-citizens, qua possis melius fallere, sume togam, viii. 48; so Seneca, Ep. cxiv. 12, 'Any two crowds in Rome of rich and poor respectively have an equal amount of human nature: togis enim inter se isti, non iudiciis, distant.

balnea: cf. Lanciani, p. 91, and Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire, pp. 648 sqq., especially 663. As a general rule the public baths were opened about the eighth or ninth hour, and closed at sunset. Plin. Ep. iii. 1. 8 Hieme nona, aestate octava; Vitruv. v. 11 tempus lavandi a meridiano ad vesperum. In private houses the hours for bathing varied ; thus there were some who bathed as early as the fifth hour (from 9 to 10 a. m.) before the prandium: Epictet. Diss. i. 20, Galen, vi. p. 332 Kuhn. Others again stayed in the bath till after the tenth hour: Mart. x. 48. 1, x. 70. 13, Marq. v. 1. p. 278.

205. fronte, 'shame,' as nasus, for sense of smell, Mart. i. 42. 68: cf. Persius, v. 104.

208. 'Tis sparing use which makes pleasure sweet.' Cf. Goethe, Wilhelm Meister i. 4 Er behauptete, nur ein seltenes Vergnügen könne bei den Menschen einen Werth haben.

commendat, sets off,' is the foil to': cf. Mart. iv. 29. 3 Rara iuvant. 5 commendat fastus amicam; Nulla est voluptas quae non adsiduitate sui fastidium pariat Plin. H. N. xii. 17 (40); Macrob. Sat. vii. 7; Cic. de Orat. iii. 25 § 98.

SATIRE XII.

TO CORVINUS, ON CATULLUS' ESCAPE FROM

SHIPWRECK.

THE only passage in this Satire from which its date can be conjectured is the allusion, in 11. 75-82, to the security of the port of Ostia, which probably refers to the improvement of that harbour by Trajan. The precise date of the enlargement of Ostia is unknown, but Pliny describes Trajan as parens aedificandi, in the Panegyric 51, which refers to the early part of the reign. The parenthesis about the elephant, 11. 101-110, is in Juvenal's worst style. The last eight lines seem dragged in forcibly, and have no merit of their own to plead as an excuse. On the other hand, the passages describing how Corvinus will be welcomed, 11. 1-9 and 83-92, but especially the latter, are very charming.

The viola, 1. 90, is generally translated as 'violet,' or 'wall-flower.' Mr. Lewis adds the pansy and the harebell, Mr. Mayor the stock. It seems to have been applied to a great many flowers, into the colouring of which viola enters, and not to have been confined to spring flowers. The 'iris' would best meet the requirement of many colours. See, however, Hehn, p. 210.

Ben Jonson, in his 'Volpone, or the Fox,' has many reminiscences of Juvenal. The comedy is an exceedingly well constructed play upon the artifices of captatores, and the malicious glee of the old millionaire who gulls and baffles them. The Argument is appended: :

'Volpone, childless, rich, feigns sick, despairs,
Offers his state to hopes of several heirs;

Lies languishing; his parasite receives

Presents of all, assures, deludes; then weaves

Other cross plots, which ope themselves, are told.

New tricks for safety are sought; they thrive: when bold,
Each tempts the other again, and all are sold.'

ARGUMENT.

Juvenal's friend Catullus having been saved from imminent danger when menaced by a shipwreck, the poet writes to inform Corvinus that he intends to celebrate a sacrifice in honour of his friend's return. Not that he has anything to gain by doing so, he adds; his friend has three children, and consequently there is no good in courting him, save for his own friendship.

I am celebrating this day, Corvinus, with greater honour to Ceres, Minerva, and Jupiter than if it were my birthday, with the sacrifice of two white lambs and a young steer, for Catullus has escaped with life beyond expectation; ll. 1-16. The storm was such as poets love to de

scribe; the ship struck by lightning, as well as in danger of foundering under a black sky. Hear and pity, though such incidents are told everywhere in certain tablets in the temples of Isis; 11. 17-29. The storm was so violent that the master of the ship began to throw his cargo overboard, and Catullus sacrificed his purple robes and silver plate, goblets and dishes; 11. 30-47. Conceive a man having the courage to prefer his life to his property! 11. 48-51. Last of all the mast had to be cut away. Go to sea now, if you will, when hatchets may be as necessary as provisions; ll. 52-61. Then, when the storm ceased, they had to rig up a jury-mast and use clothes for sails, as only the foresail was left; 11. 62-69. As the sun came out they discovered the heights of Alba, and presently passed between the moles of Ostia into the safe anchorage, where sailors who have escaped the storm can talk over the perils of the sea; 11. 69-82.

Go now, boys, and build up the altars of green turf. I will go home, where the thin effigies of my ancestors are garlanded, to burn frankincense and scatter all the colours of the iris. The very door is wreathed with boughs and gay with lamps; 11. 83-92.

Nor are these airs of friendship mercenary. Catullus has three children. How many persons would waste a sick hen on so barren a friend! 11. 9397. Even a father does not merit a quail. But let childless Gallitta or Pacius have a touch of fever, and the temples are covered with votive tablets, and men will be found to promise a hecatomb of oxen in default of elephants, 11. 97-110; though were the elephant found in Italy he would be sacrificed; ll. 111-114. Why, such an one would offer up a slave or even a daughter, and not unwisely, for if the sick man recover, he will alter his will to the benefit of so devoted a friend. An estate is more than an equivalent for an Iphigenia; 11. 115–127.

Long may Pacuvius live, estated and rich, unloving and unloved; 11. 128-130.

1. natali die.

The birthday was kept as a festival among the Romans. On this day sacrifices were made to the Genius or guardian spirit, the source of man's bliss and goodness; cf. Hor. Ep. i. 7. 94 with Wilkins' note, and Ep. ii. 2. 187. Friends and relations were also invited to the nataliciae dapes: cf. Horace of Maecenas' birthday Iure solemnis mihi sanctiorque paene natali proprio, Carm. iv. 11. 17, 18, Varro Censorin. ii, Ovid, Trist. iii. 13. 13, and iv. 10. 11, and Tib. ii. 2.8 Atque satur libo sit (Genius) madeatque mero.

2. cespes. The altar was of turf, as in Hor. Carm. iii. 8. 4 positusque carbo in cespite vivo: cf. also ibid. 6, 7 Voveram (promissa) dulces epulas et album Libero caprum; cf. especially Ov. Met. iv. 752 sqq.

3. niveam, cf. Aen. iv. 61. White victims were offered to the gods of Heaven: cf. Livy xxvii. 37, B. C. 207 the temple of Juno Regina was struck by lightning, and two white cows were led out (ductae) to sacrifice. Each god had his special victim: thus the bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, the goat to Bacchus, the sow to Ceres, the ass to Priapus,

and it was important to make no mistake in this respect; see Cic. de Legg. ii. c. 12. Ducere (cf. Sat. x. 65) is the technical term for leading to sacrifice.

reginae. Juno, queen of the gods (Verg. Aen. i. 46) was expressly called Regina in the Etruscan form of her cult. Camillus built a temple to her on the Aventine and M. Aemilius B. C. 176; cf. Livy v. 22.

4. vellus. The use of vellus is simply an attempt to substitute a conceit for the tame expression par animal or hostia. There may be a slight tone of contempt in the expression as well. pugnanti Gorgone Maura seems to be a satirical way of speaking of Minerva, who carried on the aegis she bore the head of the Gorgon Medusa, which turned its beholders into stone. The three Phorcides or Graiae were the daughters of Phorcus; but Medusa was κaт' ¿¿oxhν called the Gorgo; Maura because killed in Mauretania by Perseus; Ovid, Met. iv. 771 gelido sub Atlante iacentem. The whole story is told in Ov. loc. citat. Gorgo is used absolutely for the shield, on which the Gorgon's head is depicted. Pallas is represented as employing Jove's lightning in Verg. Aen. i. 42. For Domitian's special worship of Minerva see Suet.

Dom. 15.

5. The animal goes willingly, for the rope is trailing at length, and he needs not to be dragged, which would have been a bad omen. Pliny, H. N. viii. 70 § 7. Cf. Macrob. Sat. iii. 5 observatum est a sacrificantibus, ut si hostia quae ad aras duceretur fuisset vehementius reluctata, ostendissetque se invitam altaribus amoveri, amoveretur, quia invito deo offerri eam putabant. Julianus, who, on account of his passion for sacrificing, was called victimarius, complures hostias Marti parabat ultori, et ex tauris pulcherrimis decem ad hoc perductis, nondum aris admoti voluntate sua novem procubuere tristissimi, decimus vero, qui diffractis vinculis lapsus aegre reductus est, mactatus ominosa signa monstravit, Amm. xxiv. 6 § 17. Cf. also Hor. Carm. iii. 23. 3. sqq.

petulans, from peto (cf. hoedi petulci, Verg. Georg. iv. 10), is the regular word for 'butting'; kopúπтev Theоc. iii. 5. Cf. Verg. Ec. iii. 87 Iam cornu petat et pedibus qui spargat arenam, and hostia petulans Petron. Sat. 92.

6. Cf. Ov. Met. iv. 754, 5 Ara Iovis media est: . . . taurus tibi summe deorum! The Capitoline temple contained a cella divided into three chambers sacred to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva; cf. Middleton, p. 227. The Capitolium was in early times known as the Mons Tarpeius, so called from the legend of the treachery of Tarpeia, told by Propertius, iv. 4.

7. quippe, like quare and cur in occasional uses, has developed from a mere interrogative into a causal conjunction; but its meaning is not so decided as that of enim.

8. spargendus mero, 'ready for his baptism of wine,' which was poured on the head of the victim before it was killed. Cf. Verg. Aen. iv. 61, Ov. Met. vii. 594, and Georg. iii. 486. Juvenal seems to have in mind Horace, Carm. iv. 2. 54 relicta matre, &c.