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ASTRONOMICAL DIAGRAMS.

A series of 38 Paintings 24 inches Diameter, £2 5s. per set.

MOVEABLE ASTRONOMICAL DIAGRAMS.

THE MOTION PRODUCED BY RACK-WORK.

In a Set of Ten Sliders, packed in a Box, £4 10s. per Set, or from
78. to 15s, each.

Slider 1, 15s. The Solar System, showing the Revolution of
all the Planets, and their Satellites, round the Sun.
Slider 2, 138. The Earth's Annual Motion round the Sun,
showing the Parallelism of its Axis, thus producing the
Seasons.

Slider 3, 8s. Illustrates the cause of Spring and Neap Tides,
and shows the Moon's Phases.

Slider 4, 8s. Shows the Apparent, Direct, and Retrograde
Motion of Venus or Mercury, and also its Stationary
Appearance.

Slider 5, 8s. Proves the Earth's Rotundity, by a Ship sailing
round the Globe.

Slider 6, 88. Illustrates the Eccentric Revolution of a Comet
round the Sun, and shows the appearance of its Tail at
different parts of its Orbit.
Slider 7, 10s. The Diurnal motion of the Earth, showing the
Rising and Setting of the Sun, illustrating the cause of
Day and Night, by the Earth's Rotation upon its Axis.
Slider 8, 158. Illustrates the Annual motion of the Earth
round the Sun, with the Monthly Lunations of the Moon.
Slider 9, 88. Shows the various Eclipses of the Sun with the
Transit of Venus.

Slider 10, 8s. Shows various Eclipses of the Moon.

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Painted in circles 2 inches Diameter, 4 in each slider, 4s. 6d.
No. 1 Angora Goat-Antelope-Alpaca-Addax.

2 Baboon-Monkey-Striated Monkey-Ourang Outang.
Long-armed Ape-Opossum-Ditto & young-Chimpanzee
4 Armadillo-Porcupine-Hedgehog-Vampire Bat.
5 Squirrel-Flying Squirrel-Ermine - Chameleon.
6 Kangaroo-Jerboa-Chamois-Ibex.

7 Jackal-Jaguar-Ounce-Ant Eater.

8 Bear Polar-Bear Brown-Beaver-Otter.

9 Bull-Bramah Bull-Bison-Buffalo.

10 Newfoundland Dog-Wolf-Fox-Wild Cat and Bird.
11 Elephant-Elephant female-Rhinoceros-Hippopotamus
12 Lion-Lioness and cubs-Tiger-Panther.

13 Camel-Bactrian Camel-Dromedary -Yak.
14 Leopard-Hunting Leopard-Giraffe-Gnu.
15 Reindeer-Roebuck-Nil Ghau-Hyæna.
16 Zebra-Llama-Tapir-Ornithornicus.
17 Seal-Turtle-Walrus-Whale.

18 Swan-Albatross-Apteryx-Blue and Yellow Macaw.
19 Belearic Crane-Battledore Parrot-Cassowary-Crane.
20 Caroline Parrot-Dodo-Eagle and Fawn-Hornbill.
21 Flamingo-Falcon-Golden Eagle-Ground Parrot.
22 Heron-King Vulture-Llama Geyer-Numidian Crane.
23 Ostrich-Osprey-Owl-Pelican.

24 Paraquet-Peacock-Paradise Bird-Roseate Cockatoo.

DIRECTIONS FOR USING

Lewton's Improved Phantasmagoria Lautera, Kc.

To prepare a single lantern for exhibition, the lamp must be furnished with a cotton wick, and trimmed in the usual manner. In order to supply the lamp with oil, the reservoir must be removed from the cistern, and a small quantity of oil poured into the latter, so as just to fill the hole at the bottom, and well saturate the cotton wick. The moveable reservoir should then be inverted and filled with the best sperm oil, and replaced in the cistern. The lamp may then be lighted, and the wick turned up until an intensely bright light without any smoke is obtained. Before using the lantern, the lenses should be taken out and wiped, so as to remove any dust or moisture that might be on them; the lamp-glass must be also cleaned previous to placing it on the lamp, and care should be taken that the silver reflector is brightly polished.

The screen or medium upon which the picture is to be shown, may consist either of a large linen sheet; or a white wall if the picture is to be shown on the screen, or a fine semi-transparent muslin medium suitably prepared for the purpose may be employed; in which case the picture is to be shown through the screen.

The former is the most usual plan, but the latter possesses many advantages, and is therefore preferable. When the semi-transparent muslin medium is employed, the screen must be wetted with water, and kept in that state during the exhibition: it should be suspended from a beam or frame placed at a convenient

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distance from the wall, the exhibitor being on one side of the
screen, and the spectators on the other. The lantern having been
placed at a suitable distance from the screen, say, from eight to
twelve feet, according to the size of the lenses, should it not throw
a clear and bright disc of light on to the screen or medium, it may
be corrected by moving the lamp a little back or forward, that is a
little nearer to or farther from the lenses. A clear and well-defined
disc can by this means be obtained with facility by the most
inexperienced person after a few trials, and when this has been
satisfactorily effected, a slide or picture may be put in the groove
and "focussed" by carefully moving in or out the brass "
or tube in front, until the picture is perfectly clear and distinct.
This operation is considerably facilitated by the employment of a
rack and pinion motion, whereby the position of the lenses may be
instantly adjusted with great nicety.

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A MICROSCOPE may be attached to these lanterns for the purpose of showing Natural Objects as with the Gas Microscope, but of course with an inferior light. Wings, sections of wood, ferns, parts of insects, &c., may be shown from 3 to 6 feet in diameter. Water insects, larvæ, &c., may be exhibited alive when placed in the water-box supplied with the Microscope.

When the Oxycalcium Light is employed, this is a very beautiful and efficient instrument; when used, the front of the lantern carrying the small lenses is to be removed, and the Microscope front fitted in its place. It will be found necessary to draw the lamp back to get a clear disc of light, and when the highest power is used, further back still. The sliders are inserted and focussed in the same manner as the lantern slides.

DISSOLVING VIEWS are exhibited by means of two lanterns, each of which must be prepared in the manner already explained. The two lanterns are then placed side by side on the top of the box, and are secured in their proper places by clamp screws, so as to prevent them from shifting forward or backward. Clear and welldefined discs of light having been obtained from each lantern, the rackwork dissolving apparatus must be attached to the front of the box, and the dissolving fans, with their points towards each other, fixed into the ends of the rack bar, in such a manner that one of the fans may obscure or obstruct the light from one lantern, while the other fan allows the light from the other lantern to fall on to the screen. It is necessary to make the discs from both lanterns coincide perfectly on the screens, otherwise the illusion will be incomplete. Should the edge of one disc show beyond the edge of the other, it may be corrected by moving one of the lanterns slightly sideways, thereby causing it to turn on the clamp screws, until both discs are perfectly coincident. The lenses having been "focussed" in the way already explained, the apparatus will be ready for use. Pictures may be then introduced into the slide grooves of both lanterns; but one only of the pictures will be seen on the screen, the other of course being invisible, as it will be hidden by the fan that stands in front of the aperture. When the first picture has been exposed to view long enough, the exhibitor must begin to turn the winch of the dissolving apparatus slowly, so as to obscure or cut off the light from the first picture and bring forward the second. By thus throwing some of the light from the second lantern on to the first picture, the latter gradually becomes dim or indistinct, and dissolves away slowly; and by continuing the operation, the second picture, by

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32 Newton & Co., Fleet Street, Temple Bar, London.

gradual and imperceptible degrees, assumes the place of the first,
and comes out on the screen in a clear and distinct manner.

While the spectators are examining the second picture, the first
may be removed and another slide introduced in its place, and the
dissolving operation repeated, and so on until all the views have
been shown. Many beautiful effects may be shown, such as falling
snow in winter scenes, rainbows, lightning, and other atmospheric
phenomena. For these purposes both lanterns must be used to-
gether; one to show the view and the other the effects.

it.

THE IMPROVED OXYGEN LIGHT is produced by a jet of oxygen gas passing through the flame of a spirit lamp, and impinging against a cylinder of lime. The lamp used is one of the ordinary construction, but with a longer pipe, at the end of which is the burner, holding a small tuft of cotton which will seldom require renewing, as the flame does not consume it; about an inch from the burner is an upright pin on which the lime cylinder is placed, the jet through which the oxygen passes being exactly opposite to The gas is supplied from a wedge-shaped india-rubber bag, placed between pressure boards, on which is placed a weight of about 30lbs.; the flexible tube whereby the gas bag is connected with the lantern, is provided with a stop cock for regulating or cutting off the supply of gas. The lamp, after being supplied with spirit, is to be placed in the lantern and lighted, then attach the flexible gas tube, and gradually turn on the gas. If the jet of flame does not impinge exactly on the centre of the lime, it may readily be made to do so by turning up the cotton wick with a piece of wire; it will then produce an intensely brilliant and dazzling light, scarcely inferior to the well-known Oxy-HYDROGEN LIGHT, at one half the expense, and without the slightest danger.

The oxygen gas is made from a mixture of chlorate of potass and the black oxide of manganese, in the proportion of two parts of the former to one of the latter. A considerable quantity of these ingredients well pulverised may be kept ready mixed, and about 14lbs. of the mixture will be sufficient to make enough gas to fill the bag and to exhibit the Dissolving Views for two hours or more, according to the economy with which the gas is used. The requisite quantity of the ingredients to make the gas is placed in the retort, and the connection between that and the purifier having been made, the retort may be placed on any common fire, and after a short time the gas will begin to come over, and bubble up in the purifier, which must previously be half filled with water. The first bubbles which will come over will consist principally of common air! this must be allowed to pass off, but the presence of pure oxygen will be easily ascertained by holding a piece of partly ignited paper to the exit aperture of the purifier, as the pure gas will, if a spark exists on the paper, immediately cause it to burst into flame. The flexible tube should then be attached to the exit aperture of the purifier, and the gas allowed to pass into the bag. When the gas leaves off bubbling in the purifier it will at once be known that the ingredients are exhausted: the retort should then be taken off the fire, and when cool, all the residuum must be removed therefrom, by washing it with cold water, care being taken that the retort is well dried before the next operation.

Messrs. NEWTON will be happy to give their customers any further instruction or information regarding the apparatus manufactured by them, either by letter, or by practical demonstration, at their establishment, 3, Fleet-street, Temple-bar, London.

T. C. Johns, Printer, Wine Office Court, Fleet Street.

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